Non-invasive biomarkers for early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer risk: metabolite genomewide association study based on the KCPS-II cohort

Table 1 Baseline clinical and biochemical characteristics of subjects

	Total (n = 349)		p
	Control (n = 236)	Pancreatic cancer incidence (n = 113)	p
Age (year)	52.4 ± 0.588	52.7 ± 0.832	0.991
Male/female n, (%)	174 (73.7)/62 (26.3)	87 (77.0)/26 (23.0)	0.511
Current smoker n, (%)	70 (30.3)	33 (31.7)	0.116
Body mass index (kg/m²)^†	24.3 ± 0.187	24.6 ± 0.256	0.238
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)^†	120.8 ± 0.940	121.2 ± 1.24	0.929
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)^∮	75.0 ± 0.701	76.7 ± 0.833	0.571
Glucose (mg/dL)^†	95.6 ± 1.37	101.4 ± 2.90	0.439
White blood cell (10³/μL)^†	5.99 ± 0.109	8.26 ± 2.14	0.536
Albumin (g/dL)^†	4.53 ± 0.017	4.51 ± 0.027	0.199
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)^∮	193.6 ± 2.28	192.0 ± 3.27	0.669
Triglyceride (mg/dL)^∮	151.5 ± 6.79	141.1 ± 7.04	0.686
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)^†	50.3 ± 0.717	49.4 ± 1.01	0.286
LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)^†	115.8 ± 2.08	117.0 ± 2.95	0.789
AST (IU/L)^†	26.0 ± 1.48	24.9 ± 0.847	0.986
ALT (IU/L)^†	27.4 ± 2.18	27.2 ± 1.50	0.353
GGT (IU/L)^†	41.8 ± 3.44	41.8 ± 4.20	0.574
ALP (IU/L)^†	121.5 ± 4.49	131.4 ± 6.84	0.223
Bilirubin (mg/dL)^†	0.881 ± 0.023	0.894 ± 0.040	0.710
Uric acid (mg/dL)	5.56 ± 0.092	5.39 ± 0.123	0.282
Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL)^†	14.6 ± 0.237	14.6 ± 0.337	0.722
Creatinine (mg/dL)^†	1.00 ± 0.013	0.998 ± 0.017	0.164
CA 19–9 (U/mL)^†	8.37 ± 0.526	20.0 ± 2.48	0.346

Mean ± standard error (SE). Comparisons were conducted between the two groups (control vs. pancreatic) cancer incidence). Continuous variables were tested by an independent t-test, and variables marked with ∮ were tested by logarithmic transformation. Continuous variables with a nonnormal distribution, even after logarithmic transformation, were tested by a Mann–Whitney U test, and p-values are marked with †. Smoking status was tested by a Chi-squared test
AST aspartate aminotransferase, ALT alanine aminotransferase, GGT γ-glutamyltransferase, ALP alkaline phosphatase, HDL high-density lipoprotein, LDL low-density lipoprotein

ISSN: 1479-5876