Table 7 Characteristics of uncategorized models

Syngeneic models

Peyre et al. 2012 [30]

Xenografting cells (MGS1-3) derived from genetic engineered model (Nf2^flox/flox;Ink4ab^−/−)

Orthotopic injection

1.5 × 10⁴–7 × 10⁷ cells/μl in 7–10 μl

FVB wild type mice/6/30

MGS1 1.3 m

MGS2 0.6 m

MGS3 1.3 m

TTR: MGS1 = 5/10 grade 1, 4/10 grade 2, 1/10 grade 3; MGS2 = 10/10 grade 3; MGS3 = 2/10 grade 1, 4/10 grade 2, 4/10 grade 3^a

Peyre et al. 2013 [132]

Utilizing implantation of genetic-engineered tumor cells MGS2 (30) in ascertaining handheld confocal microscopy to identify focal brain invasion

Orthotopic injection

1.5 × 10⁴–7 × 10⁷ cells/μl in 8 μl

FVB wild type mice/-/20

14d

TTR: 17/20 tumors in total 11 meningothelial, 5 transitional, 1 fibroblastic

Confocal microscopy identifies brain invasion along Virchow-Robin spaces and identification of intratumoral vessels and nerves

Yeung et al. 2021 [135]

Test of anti-programmed death ligand (PD-L1) and 4-1BB(CD137) anti-colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF1)/colony-stimulating factor receptor (CSFR) in a syngeneic model using cells MGS1[30]

Orthotopic injection (2.5 × 10⁵ cells in 25 μl)

and heterotopic injection (1 × 10⁶ cells in 100 μl)

FVB wild type mice/6–8/15

30–54 days depending on experiment

In survival 50% dead after 44 days in control group

No upregulation of PD-L1 in vivo due to paucity of T-cell infiltration—hence, T-cell targeted therapy did not decrease tumor size

CSF1 and CSF1R (mediators in monocyte recruitment, M2-differentiation) Anti-CSF1 significantly reduce tumor size

Yamate et al. 1994 [142]

To investigate a transplantable tumor (MM-KMY) derived from a malignant meningioma (spontaneous) in an F344 Rat

Heterotopic implantation

F344 rats/3-30w/73

6-8w (various passages in paper)

Eight weeks until nodule avg diameter 5.7 cm, which formed large cysts and necrotic tissue. Frequent metastasis in lungs. Xenograft tumors similar to parent tumor

Vimentin positive xenograft and parent tumor. 100% TTR

They also show positive monocytes/macrophage infiltration

Tsujino et al. 1997 [143]

To establish KMY-J from MM-KMY tumors and develop clones

Heterotopic injection of 1 × 10⁶ cells of clone KMY-1–3

F344 rats/6-14w/-

9-11w

Established clones of KMY-MM with varying cell morphology and chromosomes. Palpable tumors after 5–7 weeks

TTR not described

Xenografting human-derived stem-like cells

Hueng et al. 2011 [140]

To investigate patient-derived Meningioma Stem-Like Cells (MgSCs) and adherent cells (MgACs)

MgSCs (meningioma sphere cells) or MgACs (meningioma adherent cells) 1 × 10⁴ cells injected in 5 μl orthotopically

NOD/SCID mice/6-8w/30

60d

MgACs were not tumorigenic. MgSCs were, but no mentioning of TTR.

Similar immunohistochemical profile to parent tumor

Rath et al. 2011 [141]

To isolate and characterize a population of Stem-like progenitor cells from an atypical meningioma. Identifying tumor-initiating cells

Heterotopic injection of 10³, 10⁴, 10⁵, 5 × 10⁶ meningioma-initiating cells (MICs)

Foxn1(nu) mice/6-7w/12

Up to 12w

EMA positive, Vimentin positive, GFAP negative. MICs self-renew, differentiate, and can recapitulate the histological characteristics of the parental tumor

Model usable for studying tumorigenesis

Xenografting non-neoplastic cells

Baia et al. 2012 [139]

To investigate Yes-Associated Protein 1 as an oncogene in meningiomas

Orthotopic implantation of non-neoplastic arachnoidal cells, AC1, vector and transfected with YAP1 and luciferase (10⁵ cells)

Athymic nude mice/6w/12

Up to 90 days. Median survival in YAP1 mice 22 days

0/6 xenografts in control/vector vs. 6/6 YAP1 transfected

Large well-circumscribed tumors

Corneal Angiogenesis Assay

Toktas et al. 2010 [136]

To investigate relationship between angiogenetic potential of intracranial meningiomas using rat corneal angiogenesis assay (CAA)

Implantation of various tumor grades in corneal micro pockets

Sprague–Dawley rats/-/60

20d

Directly correlated to WHO grade. Higher grade = more vessels. Glioblastomas = most vessels fastest

No differences in tumors exhibiting peritumoral edema and no edema—However tendency

Furthermore, recurrent tumors exhibit more vessels than non-recurring tumors

Kilic et al. 2013 [137]

To investigate inhibitory effect of gamma knife irradiation on angiogenesis of meningiomas

Implantation of various tumor grades in corneal micro pockets

Sprague–Dawley rats/-/72

3 groups

20d

No differences in number of vessels for grade 3, only high dose 22 Gy for grade 2 and only 18 + 22 Gy for grade 1 were significant

Altered cells using virus

Brooks et al. 1988 [138]

To investigate tumor induction rate of Simian Virus 40 (SV40)-transformed human meningioma cell injection

Transformed cells (normal fetal brain and meningioma) with SV40 (Simian Virus 40—disputed oncogenic virus). Heterotopic injection 2 × 10⁶ cells

Athymic nude (nu/Cox)/6/45

3 groups

Up to 74w

TTR 0/15 of normal fetal brain injection/SV40

Meningioma/SV40 6/15 (4 lymphomas and 2 fibrosarcomas) TTR and SV40 virus alone TTR 6/15 all fibrosarcomas