Fig. 1

Study design and overview of our Mendelian randomization (MR) study. LC lung cancer, CRC colorectal cancer, MAF minor allele frequency, IVW inverse-variance weighted, MR-PRESSO Mendelian Randomization Pleiotropy RESidual Sum and Outlier, MR-RAPS Mendelian Randomization robust adjusted profile score, GRS Genetic risk scores, LUAD adenocarcinoma of lung, LUSC squamous cell lung carcinoma