Multifunctional gold nanoparticles for osteoporosis: synthesis, mechanism and therapeutic applications

Table 1 Characteristics of conjugated AuNPs regulating osteoclast/osteogenic processes

Particle name	Size	Shape	Ligands/methods	Model/cell type	Properties	References
Gold nanoparticles	150 nm	Sphere	Electrical explosion	BMMs	Inhibits osteoclast formation	[103]
GNS	60 nm	Sphere	Citrate	Mice	Inhibits osteoclast formation	[27]
CUR-CGNPs	20 to 40 nm	Sphere	β-cyclodextrin	BMMs	Inhibits osteoclast formation	[101]
AuNPs	13.5 ± 0.3 nm	Sphere	Citrate	BMMs	Inhibits osteoclast formation	[73]
BSA-Au clusters	1.63 ± 0.31 nm	Sphere	BSA	BMMs	Inhibits osteoclast formation	[87]
GNPs	15,30,50,75,100 nm	Sphere	Citrate	hADSCs	Promoting osteogenic differentiation	[78]
AuNPs	40,70,110 nm	Sphere, Nanostars, Nanorods	Citrate	hMSCs	Promoting osteogenic differentiation	[32]
GNSs	40.3 ± 2.0 nm	Nanostars	Seed-mediated	hMSCs	Promoting osteogenic differentiation	[89]
GNRs	NA	Nanorods	CTAB	BMSCs	Promoting osteogenic differentiation	[90]
AuNPs	5, 13, 45 nm	Sphere	Citrate	hPDLPs	Promoting osteogenic differentiation	[79]
AuNPs	40 nm	Sphere	Chitosan	hADMSCs	Promoting osteogenic differentiation	[120]
AuNPs	20 ± 2 nm	Sphere	Citrate	MSCs	Promoting osteogenic differentiation	[100]
AuNPs	13.22 nm	Sphere	NA	hPDLSCs	Promoting osteogenic differentiation	[72]
AuNPs	4, 40 nm	Sphere	Citrate	hMSCs	Promoting osteogenic differentiation	[29]
Lys-AuNCs	1.0 to 3.0 nm	Sphere	Lysozyme	MC3T3-E1	Promoting osteogenic differentiation	[86]

hPDLSCs: human periodontal ligament stem cells; hADMSCs: human mesenchymal stem cells; BMMs: bone marrow-derived macrophages; MSCs: mesenchymal stem cells; ADSCs: human adipose-derived stemcells; hMSCs: human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells; hPDLPs: human periodontal ligament progenitor cells; CTAB: cetyl trimethylammonium bromide; NA: respective information not provided in the articles

ISSN: 1479-5876