Fig. 1

Overview of the study design. The flow chart showed the data collection and analysis for the current study. Details of the data sources can be found in Additional file 1: Table S1. We conducted a trans-ancestry MR study to evaluate the causalities between the circulating levels of 20 genetically encoded AAs and CVDs in European and East Asian populations, respectively. AA amino acid, AP angina pectoris, CAD coronary artery disease, CHF chronic heart failure, CVD cardiovascular disease, DVT deep vein thrombosis, ICH intracerebral hemorrhage, IS ischemic stroke, IVW-MRE inverse variance weighted with multiplicative random effects, MI myocardial infarction, MR Mendelian randomization, PAD peripheral arterial disease, PE pulmonary embolism, SNP single-nucleotide polymorphism, VTE venous thromboembolism