Cardiovascular and microvascular outcomes according to vitamin D level and genetic variants among individuals with prediabetes: a prospective study

Table 4 The joint associations of serum 25(OH)D and genetic variants in VDR with risk of cardiovascular outcomes in prediabetes

rs2228570 (FokI)	25 (OH) D (nmol/L)	Myocardial infarction		Stroke
rs2228570 (FokI)	25 (OH) D (nmol/L)	n/N events	HR (95%CI)	n/N Events	HR (95%CI)
GG	< 25.0	208/3706	1.0 (Ref.)	64/3706	1.0 (Ref.)
	25.0–49.9	415/9577	0.68 (0.56, 0.81)	153/9577	0.87 (0.63, 1.20)
	50.0–74.9	299/6619	0.63 (0.52, 0.78)	112/6619	0.81 (0.57, 1.16)
	≥ 75.0	102/1995	0.68 (0.52, 0.89)	18/1995	0.50 (0.29, 0.86)
AG	< 25.0	210/3969	1.0 (Ref.)	73/3969	1.0 (Ref.)
	25.0–49.9	596/11530	0.98 (0.82, 1.17)	195/11530	0.92 (0.68, 1.25)
	50.0–74.9	389/8178	0.86 (0.71, 1.04)	135/8178	0.83 (0.60, 1.14)
	≥ 75.0	132/2403	0.85 (0.66, 1.08)	51/2403	0.98 (0.66, 1.47)
AA	< 25.0	75/1173	1.0 (Ref.)	26/1173	1.0 (Ref.)
	25.0–49.9	174/3505	0.78 (0.58, 1.04)	54/3505	0.67 (0.40, 1.11)
	50.0–74.9	135/2538	0.85 (0.62, 1.16)	32/2538	0.54 (0.30, 0.96)
	≥ 75.0	41/795	0.66 (0.43, 1.02)	14/795	0.67 (0.32, 1.38)

Bold indicates statistically significant (P < 0.05)
HR hazard ratio, CI confidence interval, Cox models were adjusted for sex (female/male), age (continuous), ethnicity (Whites/non-Whites), income (< £18,000/£18,000–30,999/£31,000–51,999/£52,000–100,000/ > £100,000), smoking habits (never/former/current), drinking habits (never/former/current), BMI (continuous), systolic BP (continuous), total cholesterol (continuous), high-density lipoprotein (continuous), serum creatinine (continuous), and the use of vitamin D supplement (yes/no), antihypertensive drugs (yes/no), lipid-regulating drugs (yes/no), and statins (yes/no)

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