Table 1 Baseline characteristics of included participants with prediabetes by serum 25(OH)D concentration

N of participants

56,387

8918

24,784

17,455

5230

 − 

Serum 25(OH)D, nmol/L

44.4 (30.5–59.8)

19.7 (16.1–22.4)

37.7 (31.5–43.7)

60.0 (54.7–66.1)

83.8 (78.8–91.8)

 < 0.001

Age, years

59.5 ± 7.1

57.3 ± 7.7

59.2 ± 7.1

60.5 ± 6.6

61.0 ± 6.4

 < 0.001

Female, %

30,596 (54.3%)

4647 (52.1%)

13,483 (54.4%)

9640 (55.2%)

2826 (54.0%)

 < 0.001

White, %

50,982 (90.4%)

6747 (75.7%)

22,371 (90.3%)

16,745 (95.9%)

5119 (97.8%)

 < 0.001

Educational attainment, %

 < 0.001

 Above college

14,775 (26.2%)

2478 (27.8%)

6739 (27.2%)

4346 (24.9%)

1212 (23.2%)

 Below college

41,612 (73.8%)

6440 (72.2%)

18,045 (72.8%)

13,109 (75.1%)

4018 (76.8%)

Annual income, %

 < 0.001

  < £18,000

14,265 (25.3%)

2695 (30.2%)

6293 (25.4%)

4056 (23.2%)

1221 (23.4%)

 £18,000–30999

13,308 (23.6%)

1870 (21.0%)

5809 (23.4%)

4330 (24.8%)

1299 (24.8%)

 £31,000–51999

10,712 (19.0%)

1583 (17.8%)

4817 (19.4%)

3336 (19.1%)

976 (18.7%)

 £52,000–100000

6552 (11.6%)

956 (10.7%)

2901 (11.7%)

2093 (12.0%)

602 (11.5%)

 > £100,000

1581 (2.8%)

215 (2.4%)

684 (2.8%)

505 (2.9%)

177 (3.4%)

 Missing

9969 (17.7%)

1599 (17.9%)

4280 (17.3%)

3135 (18.0%)

955 (18.2%)

Smoker, %

 < 0.001

 Never

27,494 (48.8%)

4244 (47.6%)

12,142 (49.0%)

8675 (49.7%)

2433 (46.5%)

 Former

19,985 (35.4%)

2583 (29.0%)

8692 (35.1%)

6583 (37.7%)

2127 (40.7%)

 Current

8512 (15.1%)

1995 (22.3%)

3788 (15.3%)

2085 (12.0%)

644 (12.3%)

 Missing

396 (0.7%)

96 (1.1%)

162 (0.6%)

112 (0.6%)

26 (0.5%)

Drinker, %

 < 0.001

 Never

3528 (6.2%)

1072 (12.0%)

1498 (6.0%)

762 (4.4%)

196 (3.8%)

 Former

2624 (4.7%)

521 (5.8%)

1221 (4.9%)

679 (3.9%)

203 (3.9%)

 Current

50,010 (88.7%)

7248 (81.3%)

21,969 (88.7%)

15,973 (91.5%)

4820 (92.1%)

 Missing

225 (0.4%)

77 (0.9%)

96 (0.4%)

41 (0.2%)

11 (0.2%)

 Body mass index, kg/m²

28.9 ± 5.3

30.2 ± 6.1

29.4 ± 5.4

28.1 ± 4.7

26.9 ± 4.4

 < 0.001

 Systolic BP, mmHg

141.3 ± 18.6

141.6 ± 18.9

141.6 ± 18.6

141.0 ± 18.4

139.8 ± 18.8

0.070

 Total cholesterol, mmol/L

5.6 ± 1.1

5.7 ± 1.0

5.7 ± 1.0

5.6 ± 1.1

5.4 ± 1.1

0.192

 HDL cholesterol, mmol/L

1.4 ± 0.4

1.3 ± 0.3

1.4 ± 0.3

1.4 ± 0.4

1.4 ± 0.4

 < 0.001

 Hemoglobin A1c, (%)

5.84 (5.76–5.98)

5.87 (5.77–6.03)

5.85 (5.76–5.99)

5.83 (5.76–5.97)

5.83 (5.76–5.94)

 < 0.001

 Serum creatinine, mmol/L

73.2 ± 16.1

73.4 ± 16.6

73.0 ± 16.0

73.6 ± 15.8

74.7 ± 16.6

 < 0.001

 Hypertension, %

17,924 (31.8%)

2915 (32.7%)

7957 (32.1%)

5379 (30.8%)

1673 (32.0%)

0.007

 Vitamin D supplement, %

1136 (2.0%)

75 (0.8%)

360 (1.5%)

504 (2.9%)

197 (3.8%)

 < 0.001

 Antihypertensive drugs, %

8660 (15.4%)

1442 (16.2%)

3895 (15.7%)

2547 (15.6%)

776 (14.8%)

0.001

 Lipid-lowering drugs, %

15,036 (26.7%)

2278 (25.5%)

6354 (25.6%)

4713 (27.0%)

1691 (32.3%)

 < 0.001

 Statins use, %

6941 (12.3%)

1084 (12.2%)

2993 (12.1%)

2082 (11.9%)

782 (15.0%)

 < 0.001