Table 1 Baseline characteristics of 186,675 participants by PDI groups

Range, scores

24–46

47–49

50–53

54–77

Number of participants

44,202

51,430

39,446

51,597

Age, mean (SD), years

57.5 (8.1)

58.2 (8.0)

58.5 (7.9)

58.4 (8.0)

Male, n (%)

23,760 (53.8)

23,952 (46.6)

16,964 (43.0)

20,746 (40.2)

Ethnicity, n (%)

 White

41,849 (94.7)

49,074 (95.4)

37,802 (95.8)

49,234 (95.4)

 Mixed

292 (0.7)

313 (0.6)

221 (0.6)

300 (0.6)

 Asian

682 (1.5)

700 (1.4)

505 (1.3)

819 (1.6)

 Black

719 (1.6)

624 (1.2)

418 (1.1)

548 (1.1)

 Chinese

143 (0.3)

160 (0.3)

108 (0.3)

132 (0.3)

 Others

338 (0.8)

378 (0.7)

270 (0.7)

400 (0.8)

 Unknown

179 (0.4)

181 (0.4)

122 (0.3)

164 (0.3)

Education, n (%)

 College or university

16,563 (37.5)

21,413 (41.6)

17,461 (44.3)

24,311 (47.1)

 Vocational

4894 (11.1)

5309 (10.3)

3996 (10.1)

5176 (10.0)

 Upper secondary

5655 (12.8)

6826 (13.3)

5157 (13.1)

6822 (13.2)

 Lower secondary

12,235 (27.7)

13,175 (25.6)

9679 (24.5)

11,560 (22.4)

 Others

4576 (10.4)

4436 (8.6)

2980 (7.6)

3543 (6.9)

 Unknown

279 (0.6)

271 (0.5)

173 (0.4)

185 (0.4)

Townsend deprivation index, median (IQR)

−2.1 (− 3.6 to 0.5)

−2.3 (− 3.7 to 0.1)

−2.4 (− 3.8 to − 0.2)

−2.4 (− 3.8 to − 0.1)

Body mass index, n (%)

 <18.5

181 (0.4)

253 (0.5)

217 (0.6)

350 (0.7)

 18.5 ~ 24.9

13,621 (30.8)

18,436 (35.9)

15,203 (38.5)

21,353 (41.4)

 25 ~ 39.9

19,070 (43.1)

21,545 (41.9)

16,202 (41.1)

20,674 (40.1)

 ≥30

11,191 (25.3)

11,046 (21.5)

7732 (19.6)

9089 (17.6)

 Unknown

139 (0.3)

150 (0.3)

92 (0.2)

131 (0.3)

Alcohol consumption, n (%)

 Daily or almost daily

11,500 (26.0)

12,175 (23.7)

8539 (21.7)

10,183 (19.7)

 3 or 4 times a week

11,026 (24.9)

13,089 (25.5)

9917 (25.1)

12,950 (25.1)

 1 or 2 times a week

10,620 (24.0)

12,738 (24.8)

10,142 (25.7)

13,155 (25.5)

 1 to 3 times a month

4548 (10.3)

5554 (10.8)

4510 (11.4)

6000 (11.6)

 Special occasions only

4015 (9.1)

4880 (9.5)

3909 (9.9)

5444 (10.6)

 Never

2440 (5.5)

2949 (5.7)

2393 (6.1)

3840 (7.4)

 Unknown

53 (0.1)

45 (0.1)

36 (0.1)

25 (0.1)

Smoking status, n (%)

 Never

23,333 (52.8)

29,102 (56.6)

23,044 (58.4)

30,782 (59.7)

 Former smokers

15,971 (36.1)

18,047 (35.1)

13,635 (34.6)

17,698 (34.3)

 Current smokers

4771 (10.8)

4150 (8.1)

2653 (6.7)

3003 (5.8)

 Unknown

127 (0.3)

131 (0.3)

114 (0.3)

114 (0.2)

Physical activity, n (%)

 Low

8112 (18.4)

8462 (16.5)

5886 (14.9)

6661 (12.9)

 Moderate

15,535 (35.2)

18,639 (36.2)

14,291 (36.2)

18,523 (35.9)

 High

13,535 (30.6)

16,445 (32.0)

13,221 (33.5)

19,120 (37.1)

 Unknown

7020 (15.9)

7884 (15.3)

6048 (15.3)

7293 (14.1)

Energy intake, mean (SD), kcal/d

1947.7 (573.7)

1996.1 (535.5)

2047.7 (518.6)

2169.5 (529.1)