Fig. 4
From: RAS signaling and immune cells: a sinister crosstalk in the tumor microenvironment
Immunotherapy regimens for RAS mutant cancers. A By injecting peptide, mRNA, and DC-based vaccines, the activated T cell receptor (TCR) binds to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). The powerful antigen–antibody response eventually leads to cancer cell death. B Peripheral blood T cells from cancer patients are genetically modified by viral vectors to create CAR-T and TCR-T cells that express patient-specific, RAS-driven cancer cell neoantigens. The patient-specific tumor-infiltration active T cells (TILs) are isolated and expanded ex vivo. The most tumor-specific and functionally enriched T cells are administered to the patient once lymphodepletion