Fig. 2
From: RAS signaling and immune cells: a sinister crosstalk in the tumor microenvironment
The influence of mutant RAS on the tumor immune microenvironment. RAS mutant cancer cells not only regulate tumor-associated immune response at the level of recruitment, activation, and differentiation of immune cells, but also induce cancer cells to escape immune surveillance via upregulating PD-L1 and CD47 signals. Together, these alterations shape an immunosuppressive state, and present opportunities for intervention in the treatment of RAS-mutated malignancies