Table 3 Prediction performance of CIAKI models in the internal and external validation cohorts

Internal validation performance

 Mehran score

65.41

(60.85–69.93)

67.57

(64.53–70.78)

50.47

(42.57–58.68)

71.34

(67.92–74.59)

27.98

(22.63–33.17)

86.72

(83.95–89.43)

36.00

(30.07–41.82)

 LR

79.90

(75.95–83.32)

78.21

(75.34–81.08)

57.01

(49.04–64.55)

82.89

(80.00–85.66)

42.36

(35.62–48.82)

89.73

(87.39–92.01)

48.61

(41.92–54.62)

 LASSO + LR

79.92

(75.91–83.44)

78.21

(75.68–80.74)

56.07

(47.97–63.46)

83.09

(80.21–85.71)

42.25

(35.17–48.63)

89.56

(87.17–91.96)

48.19

(41.30–54.10)

 SVM

80.73

(76.78–83.99)

79.05

(76.35–81.76)

55.14

(47.32–62.83)

84.33

(81.57–86.95)

43.70

(36.57–50.72)

89.50

(87.26–91.81)

48.76

(41.88–55.23)

 RF

79.76

(76.07–83.06)

78.89

(76.18–81.59)

53.27

(45.61–61.11)

84.54

(81.78–86.95)

43.18

(36.17–50.00)

89.13

(86.75–91.54)

47.70

(40.98–53.85)

 GBDT

80.28

(76.49–83.98)

80.41

(77.70–83.11)

57.01

(49.51–64.81)

85.57

(82.85–88.02)

46.56

(39.31–53.78)

90.02

(87.78–92.36)

51.26

(44.64–57.52)

 XGBT

81.59

(77.71–85.33)

81.08

(78.55–83.78)

54.21

(46.23–62.26)

87.01

(84.66–89.41)

47.93

(40.59–55.36)

89.60

(87.32–91.97)

50.88

(44.05–57.26)

External validation performance

 Mehran score

65.59

(60.18–71.10)

73.83

(70.76–76.71)

37.50

(28.57–46.84)

79.96

(76.89–83.05)

24.00

(17.74–30.66)

88.34

(85.75–90.76)

29.27

(22.55–36.36)

 LR

76.94

(71.84–82.03)

72.02

(68.95–75.09)

71.25

(62.82–79.22)

72.15

(68.92–75.48)

30.16

(25.00–35.67)

93.70

(91.42–95.71)

42.38

(36.36–48.63)

 LASSO + LR

79.31

(74.40–84.17)

72.20

(69.13–75.27)

73.75

(65.17–82.05)

71.94

(68.78–75.26)

30.73

(25.77–36.04)

94.20

(91.98–96.21)

43.38

(37.36–49.64)

 SVM

76.47

(71.14–81.58)

70.58

(67.51–73.65)

65.00

(56.32–73.56)

71.52

(68.35–74.79)

27.81

(22.70–33.16)

92.37

(90.00–94.47)

38.95

(32.96–44.85)

 RF

80.10

(75.33–84.64)

72.56

(69.49–75.63)

75.00

(66.67–82.89)

72.15

(68.90–75.48)

31.25

(26.02–36.95)

94.48

(92.39–96.46)

44.12

(38.02–50.52)

 GBDT

78.16

(73.27–83.01)

72.38

(69.31–75.27)

76.25

(68.24–83.75)

71.73

(68.39–74.95)

31.28

(26.09–36.59)

94.71

(92.76–96.47)

44.36

(38.38–50.49)

 XGBT

81.65

(77.04–86.09)

75.99

(73.10–79.06)

72.50

(64.00–80.82)

76.58

(73.24–79.74)

34.32

(28.57–40.34)

94.29

(92.19–96.16)

46.59

(40.17–52.80)