Fig. 1

Perfusion bioreactor design and implementation. The general layout of the machine extracorporeal perfusion system commonly used in VCA ex-vivo perfusion. A A schematic illustration of the perfusate circulation as a system comprising a the porcine forelimb in the perfusion box on top of a b metal grid that allows c passive venous drainage of the preservation fluid, d a 15 mm needle probe that measures muscle temperature, e collection reservoir, f a centrifugal pump, regulating in-line pressure at ≤ 30 mmHg, g a membrane oxygenator, infusing the fluid with a mix of 95% O₂ and 5% CO₂, h heater-cooler machine, cooling the fluid to 8–10 °C, i drug administration point/fluid sampling port, and j flowmeter. (Image reproduced with permission from [54] ©2020 Anne Sophie Kruit et al. Transplant International published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Steunstichting ESOT.) B An actual perfusion system showing a human arm in the bioreactor chamber. C and D Photos of actual perfusion bioreactor systems consisting of an allograft housing, perfusate pump, perfusate oxygenator, heater, sampling port, and flow meter. (Images reproduced with permission from [47]