Fig. 3
From: Phosphodiesterase and psychiatric disorders: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study
Scatterplot of the effect of the phosphodiesterases (PDEs) on psychiatric disorders. The effect of the PDEs on psychiatric disorders is calculated through instrumental variables (IVs), which provide an association between the PDEs and psychiatric disorders through five Mendelian randomization (MR) methods (A–H). The slope value equals the b-value calculated using the five methods and represents the causal effect. Positive slope indicates that exposure is a risk factor, whereas a negative slope is the opposite. PDE phosphodiesterase, ASD autism spectrum disorder, TS Tourette syndrome, SCZ schizophrenia, MDD major depressive disorder, ADHD attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder