Fig. 1

Spatial characteristics and differences between the ccRCC and paired paracancerous tissues. A Workflow of IMC data processing and analysis, including tissue preparation, antibody staining, image acquisition, single-cell segmentation, phenotype clustering, CN identification and clinical analysis. B Representative IMC images (P61) displaying the staining of 17-marker antibodies in cancerous and paracancerous tissues. C Top: Combined tSNE plot illustrating that cells were grouped into 8 major cell types and 27 cell clusters in the cancerous and paracancerous tissues of ccRCC based on the expression of 17 markers, and are colored according to the cell cluster types. Bottom: tSNE plots showing the 27 cell clusters in cancerous and paracancerous tissues of ccRCC, respectively, and are colored according to patients. The letter A reflects the paracancerous tissue, the letter T reflects the cancerous tissue. D Heatmap illustrating the 17-marker expression profiles of the 27 cell clusters. Scale bar indicates the mean expression intensity. E Differences in cell components between cancerous and paracancerous tissues of ccRCC, including CD8⁺ T cells, Ki67⁺CD8⁺ T cells, Treg, CD163⁻ macrophages, endothelial cells, mesenchymal cells and fibroblasts