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Table 4 Age, anthropometric measurements, physical activity levels, body composition parameters, and inflammatory biomarker of the study population baseline grouped according to the PSQI categories

From: Can the ketogenic diet improve our dreams? Effect of very low-calorie ketogenic diet (VLCKD) on sleep quality

Parameters

Participants n = 324

Baseline

Day 31 of VLCKD

Good sleepers

Mean ± SD or number (%)

n = 139

Poor sleepers

Mean ± SD or number (%)

n = 185

*p-value

Good sleepers

Mean ± SD or number (%)

n = 211

Poor sleepers

Mean ± SD or number (%)

n = 113

*p-value

Age (years)

39.32 ± 15.07

38.14 ± 13.91

0.468

38.61 ± 14.63

38.71 ± 14.05

0.954

Weight (kg)

84.12 ± 10.94

103.06 ± 15.84

< 0.001

81.94 ± 11.27

98.80 ± 16.68

< 0.001

BMI (kg/m2)

32.25 ± 4.24

38.19 ± 4.96

< 0.001

31.04 ± 4.17

36.59 ± 4.98

< 0.001

 Normal-weight

0, 0%

0, 0%

–

13, 6.2%

0, 0%

χ2 = 5.74, p = 0.017

 Overweight

46, 33.1%

8, 4.3%

χ2 = 45.25, p < 0.001

83, 39.3%

14, 12.4%

χ2 = 24.21, p < 0.001

 Grade I obesity

59, 42.4%

44, 23.8%

χ2 = 11.90, p = 0.001

76, 36.0%

29, 25.7%

χ2 = 3.15, p = 0.076

 Grade II obesity

28, 20.1%

72, 38.9%

χ2 = 12.25, p = 0.001

34, 16.1%

44, 38.9%

χ2 = 19.74, p < 0.001

 Grade III obesity

6, 4.3%

61, 33.0%

χ2 = 38.01, p < 0.001

5, 2.4%

26, 23.0%

χ2 = 33.88, p < 0.001

WC (cm)

97.97 ± 12.01

109.98 ± 15.60

< 0.001

94.17 ± 12.21

105.56 ± 15.13

< 0.001

 < Cut-off

38, 27.3%

12, 6.5%

χ2 = 24.87, p < 0.001

77, 36.5%

16, 14.2%

χ2 = 16.86, p < 0.001

 > Cut-off

101, 72.7%

173, 93.5%

134, 63.5%

97, 85.8%

Physical activity

 Yes

58, 41.7%

44, 23.8%

χ2 = 11.03, p = 0.001

79, 37.4%

23, 20.4%

χ2 = 9.18, p = 0.002

 No

81, 58.3%

141, 76.2%

132, 62.6%

90, 79.6%

BIA parameters

 R (Ω)

479.40 ± 66.13

474.89 ± 79.12

0.586

480.90 ± 68.97

485.85 ± 69.84

0.540

 Xc (Ω)

50.14 ± 9.66

45.17 ± 9.70

< 0.001

51.43 ± 9.67

50.85 ± 10.53

0.620

 FFM (kg)

52.57 ± 5.54

55.78 ± 7.17

< 0.001

52.60 ± 6.06

55.31 ± 7.04

< 0.001

 FM (kg)

31.54 ± 7.65

47.34 ± 12.72

< 0.001

29.31 ± 8.20

43.58 ± 13.22

< 0.001

 FFM (%)

62.88 ± 5.16

54.68 ± 6.54

< 0.001

64.72 ± 6.34

56.73 ± 7.17

< 0.001

 FM (%)

37.11 ± 5.16

45.32 ± 6.54

< 0.001

35.28 ± 6.34

43.27 ± 7.17

< 0.001

 PhA (°)

5.98 ± 0.82

5.45 ± 0.87

< 0.001

6.12 ± 0.82

5.98 ± 0.85

0.154

 

n = 114

n = 149

 

n = 177

n = 86

 

ahs-CRP levels (mg/L)

2.64 ± 3.45

3.78 ± 3.61

0.007

1.57 ± 2.05

2.27 ± 2.74

0.021

 < 1.0 mg/L

31, 27.2%

21, 14.1%

χ2 = 6.19, p = 0.013

80, 45.2%

28, 32.6%

χ2 = 5.14, p = 0.023

 1.0–3.0 mg/L

49, 43.0%

47, 31.5%

χ2 = 3.17, p = 0.075

77, 43.5%

39, 45.3%

χ2 = 1.96, p = 0.161

 ≥ 3.0 mg/L

34, 29.8%

81, 54.4%

χ2 = 14.82, p < 0.001

20, 11.3%

19, 22.1%

χ2 = 1.36,

p = 0.244

  1. PSQI Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, VLCKD very low-calorie ketogenic diet, SD standard deviation, BMI body mass index, WC waist circumference, R resistance, Xc reactance, FFM free fat mass, FM fat mass, PhA phase angle, hs-CRP high-sensitivity C-reactive protein
  2. *A p value in bold type denotes a significant difference (p < 0.05).
  3. ahs-CRP levels were evaluated in a subgroup of 263 women
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Journal of Translational Medicine

ISSN: 1479-5876

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