Can the ketogenic diet improve our dreams? Effect of very low-calorie ketogenic diet (VLCKD) on sleep quality

Table 1 Anthropometric characteristics, body composition and inflammatory parameters of the study population at baseline and after 31 days of active stage of VLCKD

Parameters	Baseline Mean ± SD or number (%) N = 324	Day 31 of VLCKD Mean ± SD or number (%) N = 324	∆%	*p-value
Anthropometric parameters
Weight (kg)	99.93 ± 16.80	87.82 ± 15.62	− 7.3 ± 2.90	< 0.001
BMI (kg/m²)	35.64 ± 5.51	32.98 ± 5.19	− 7.3 ± 2.90	< 0.001
WC (cm)	104.83 ± 15.36	98.14 ± 14.34	− 6.22 ± 5.57	< 0.001
Body composition
R (Ω)	476.82 ± 73.75	482.62 ± 69.20	1.75 ± 9.22	0.013
Xc (Ω)	47.31 ± 9.98	51.23 ± 9.96	9.85 ± 16.71	< 0.001
FFM (kg)	54.37 ± 6.67	53.54 ± 6.54	− 1.45 ± 4.78	< 0.001
FM (kg)	40.55 ± 13.36	34.28 ± 12.28	− 15.71 ± 9.99	< 0.001
FFM (%)	58.19 ± 7.23	61.93 ± 7.65	6.61 ± 6.23	< 0.001
FM (%)	41.81 ± 7.23	38.07 ± 7.65	− 9.06 ± 8.93	< 0.001
PhA (°)	5.67 ± 0.89	6.07 ± 0.83	7.91 ± 13.22	< 0.001
Inflammatory parameters
^ahs-CRP levels (mg/L)	3.45 ± 3.69	1.80 ± 2.32	− 38.42 ± 41.88	< 0.001

SD standard deviation, VLCKD very low-calorie ketogenic diet, BMI body mass index, WC waist circumference, BIA bioelectrical impedance analysis, R resistance, Xc reactance, FFM free fat mass, FM fat mass, PhA phase angle, hs-CRP high-sensitivity C-reactive protein
*A p value in bold type denotes a significant difference (p < 0.05)
^ahs-CRP levels were evaluated in a subgroup of 263 women

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