Fig. 1

Gross and microscopic images of PDOX models of GBM. a Representative images of H&E stained whole mouse brain cross-sections showing intra-cerebral xenograft tumors as well as the invasion into the opposite side (blue arrow) and down to the brain stem via CSF (arrowhead). Animal survival time during serial subtransplantations (up to passage V) were shown under each tumor image. b Comparison of histological and immunohistochemical features between patient tumor and their matching PDOX tumors from passage I and III. In addition of H&E staining, glial marker (GFAP), cell proliferation (Ki-67), human-specific intermediate filament vimentin (VMT) and mitochondria (MT), as well as tumor suppressor gene P53 and tumor micro-blood vessel endothelial cells von Willebrand Factor (vWF) were shown and compared with normal (Normal) tissues. (Scale bar: 50 µM)