Table 1 Relationship between VEGF and its receptor and GDM, PE/Eclampsia
VEGF | The VEGF-R | Country | Year | Association with GDM, PE/eclampsia | Sum up | Quote |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
VEGF -A | / | Saudi Arabia | 2021 | In GDM, endothelin-1 and angiogenin-2 were increased with VEGF-A, with no significant increase in G-CSF levels. Angiopoietin-2 was significantly positively correlated with vascular endothelin-1 and VEGF-A, and VEGF-A was significantly positively correlated with endothelin-1 and endothelin-1 | VEGF-A is a contributing factor of GDM and is also associated with many other vascular factors. VEGF is not a single factor. Endothelin-1 and colony-stimulating factor in other GDM patients jointly affect vascular health | [27] |
/ | VEGFR-1 (Flt-1), VEGFR-2 (KD2) | Chile | 2017 | Lower placental expression levels of Flt-1 (mRNA and protein) are associated with decreased expression of KDR mRNA and increased levels of KDR protein in GDM placenta. In conclusion, GDM is associated with reduced expression of flt-1 | Among a variety of receptors, the characteristic expression of GDM is that the low expression of Flt and the high expression of KDR are more significant, and there is a certain influence relationship between the two receptors | [37] |
VEGF | VEGFR-1 (Flt-1), VEGFR-2 (KD2) | Brazil | 2010 | Strong staining of VEGF and VEGFR-2 in vascular and trophoblast cells was limited to trophoblast VEGFR-1; strong staining of VEGFR-1 was observed in vascular cells and trophoblast cells, while VEGF and VEGFR-2 were detected only in trophoblast | The expression of different VEGF and its receptor is different in different parts of GDM patients, which can indirectly infer the pathogenesis of VEGF and its receptor and the pathogenesis of the lesion site | [38] |
VEGF | VEGFR-1 (Flt-1), VEGFR-2 (KD2) | Japan | 2019 | GDM or previous GDM, VEGF-R1 was higher than normal and VEGF-R2 was lower than normal. monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) and eotaxin (eosinophil activated chemokine) have the same expression as VEGF-R | Other pathogenic factors are associated with VEGF receptor to a certain extent, so the pathogenesis of GDM is the result of the combined action of comprehensive factors | [39] |
VEGF | / | China | 2018 | On the basis of relatively controllable risk factors, VEGF rs2146323 and rs3025039 polymorphisms and their expression were significantly associated with GDM risk | Genetic testing before pregnancy to reduce some genetic risk factors besides intuitive risk factors provides effective value for GDM | [40] |
VEGF | / | India | 2019 | Low total values of VEGF 165b, ICAM-1 and AGES in the G DM group,and VEGF was correlated with ICAM-1 and AGEs (glycosylated end products).The GDM and VEGE were associated significantly after correction of AGEs, but the association decreased after correction of ICAM-1 | GDM is associated with VEGF ratio (total VEGF165b / VEGF), and V EGF is also associated with ICAM-1 and AGEs, which can determine that ICAM-1 is more important in the mechanism related to VEGF to GDM, and may control and adjust for disease progression | [32] |
VEGF | / | Saudi Arabia | 2015 | It was found that the growth of anti-proliferative VEGF165b subtype in d.HUVEC (human umbilical vein endothelial cells from diabetic mothers) was slower than that in c.HUVEC (human umbilical vein endothelial cells from healthy mothers), and the level of anti-proliferative VEGF165b subtype in d.HUVEC was higher than that in c. HUVEC | The expression of VEGF165b isoform in GDM endothelial cells can be used as one of the serum test criteria; also regulating GDM progression at the nucleotide level, and antagonizing I CAM-1 can balance and adjust patient blood glucose values | [33] |
VEGF | / | Austria | 2021 | GDM patientsplacental tissue lysates were high, and SUCNR1 was positively correlated with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) protein levels in tissue lysates, proving that SUCNR1 was correlated with abnormal placental vascular growth in development | The content of VEGF was determined by checking the content of succinate in the body, from which the condition and development degree of GDM were determined. VEGF can drive the expression of SUCNR1 | [34] |
VEGF | VEGF-R | Northern Ireland, UK | 2021 | FKBPL (binding protein),SIRT-1 (deacetylase)and PIGFhave important regulatory functions in the occurrence and progression of GDM. Upregulation of PlGF/VEGF-R1 could be detected in placental serum in gestational patients with type 1 diabetes | The indices of gestational diabetes are changed, and the expression of VEGF-R related protein also changes, other factors FKBPL, SIRT-1 is an important promoting factor, its expression is associated with VEGF-R numerical fluctuations | [35] |
VEGF | / | China | 2021 | In the later stage of GDM progression, VEGF and medium serum RBP4 (retinol-binding protein), Visfatin (lipin) changed, and the above factors are positively associated with fetal weight | The occurrence of GDM is related to the contributing factors, including multiple combined factors; especially the VEGF, its high blood concentration, causing high probability of adverse pregnancy consequences compared | [36] |
VEGF | VEGF-R1, VEGF-R2 | India | 2013 | The change in DNA methylation patterns of VEGF, FLT-1 and KDR genes in preeclampsia (PE) indicates that VEGF and its receptors are related to the development of eclampsia | VEGF, flt-1 and KDR promoter regions have several different CpG site methylation, PE related changes, VEGF and receptor value changes as the standard to diagnose PE | [48] |
VEGF | sFlt-1 | Belgium | 2021 | Abnormalities in pre-eclamptic VEGF are regulated and affected by post-transcriptional modification of microRNAs (miRNAs), and VEGFmiR-16 is reduced in circulating levels and increased VEGFmiR-200c | VEGF expression is abnormal in PE patients, mir-RNA testing of placental and plasma levels of PE pregnancy found that miR-200C is consistent with placental evidence in placenta, while miR-16 is different. The correlation of the experiment should be verified | [49] |
VEGF | / | Iran | 2020 | Limited to the onset population of Iranian women, the incidence of eclampsia in the population collected expressing the rs10434 gene was also higher than the control group, and initially judged that PE was associated with the specific genotype of VEGF | It is preliminarily judged that V EGF has a correlation with genotype rs10434, but this data is only limited to some female groups, so more reference data are needed to further prove it | [51] |
VEGF | / | Britain | 2009 | In pregnant 12Â weeks PE group, normal pregnancy during VEGF165b upward trend, but affected by the pathological influence of PE, its decreasing trend, or increase is given certain delay | Such as mid and late pregnancy detected VEGF165b is lower than normal level, can consider the risk of PE | [52] |
VEGF | sFlt-1 | China | 2019 | During PE pathogenesis, VEGF and PIGF decreased decreased. In ELISA test, the values of VEGF and PIGF increased in control group, while sFlt-1 decreased | The expression of VEGF and receptor in PE patients is abnormal, but the influence of detection reagents should be strictly controlled, because different reagents bring different structures | [53] |
VEGF | / | Turkey, et al | 2020 | Pregnant women are at increased risk of pregnancy complications following COVID-19 infection, particularly PE and GDM. Placental damage and vascular embolism leading to hypoxia were the main induction of VEGF imbalance(In COVID-19 groups), and the negative correlation between neutrophils and VEGF-A | COVID 19 is a complication of pregnancy, and indirect evidence suggests that the virus exacerbates VEGF imbalance, Further inferentially, COVID-19 may also be promote or exacerbate the effects of pregnancy complications |