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Table 1 Baseline characteristics according to tertiles (T) of serum TMAO

From: Serum trimethylamine-N-oxide is associated with incident type 2 diabetes in middle-aged and older adults: a prospective cohort study

 

Tertiles of serum TMAO

P-value

 

T1 (n = 696)

T2 (n = 696)

T3 (n = 696)

Age, y

56.8 ± 4.7

57.5 ± 5.1

57.4 ± 4.9

0.176

Women, %

72.7

72.7

72.7

1.000

Household income, %

   

0.053

  ≤ 1500 Yuan/Month/Person

37.4

33.5

33.3

 

 1501–3000 Yuan/Month/Person

43.1

49.9

45.6

 

  > 3000 Yuan/Month/Person

19.5

16.7

21.1

 

Family history of diabetes, %

9.3

9.2

11.1

0.429

Smoker, %

12.5

11.8

16.4

0.026

Alcohol drinker, %

5.3

3.9

6.8

0.058

Tea drinker, %

48.9

48.0

50.1

0.721

Physical activity, MET-h/d

42.9 ± 16.1

42.5 ± 15.9

43.1 ± 15.5

0.904

Total energy intake, kcal/d

1858 ± 498

1822 ± 503

1817 ± 515

0.123

Red and processed meat intake, g/d

86.4 ± 45.0

85.0 ± 43.3

82.8 ± 43.3

0.371

Fish and shellfish intake, g/d

50.7 ± 52.8

51.4 ± 42.0

64.9 ± 75.0

 < 0.001

Egg intake, g/d

27.3 ± 21.2

29.7 ± 19.8

29.6 ± 18.0

0.004

Dairy products intake, g/d

119.3 ± 115.1

115.0 ± 117.5

122.9 ± 115.3

0.123

BMI, kg/m2

22.9 ± 3.1

23.0 ± 3.0

23.3 ± 3.0

0.067

WHR

0.87 ± 0.06

0.88 ± 0.06

0.88 ± 0.06

0.108

Abdominal obesity, %

55.0

57.6

61.5

0.048

SBP, mmHg

122 ± 17

123 ± 18

122 ± 16

0.986

DBP, mmHg

78 ± 11

78 ± 11

78 ± 10

0.452

Hypertension, %

27.6

27.4

26.4

0.871

eGFRa, ml/min/1.73 m2

82.8 ± 12.1

80.5 ± 12.6

81.4 ± 12.8

0.849

Serum TMAO, μmol/L

0.66 (0.41–0.99)

1.38 (1.08–2.14)

4.04 (2.40–6.70)

 < 0.001

Serum choline, μmol/L

19.1 (13.5–24.8)

18.7 (14.2–25.1)

19.1 (14.2–25.9)

0.719

Serum betaine, μmol/L

51.1 (41.5–61.1)

51.5 (42.5–63.0)

51.9 (41.1–62.0)

0.755

Serum fasting glucose, mmol/L

4.56 ± 0.61

4.61 ± 0.67

4.59 ± 0.65

0.346

Insulin, μIU/mL

8.46 ± 4.87

8.99 ± 5.32

8.87 ± 5.12

0.164

HOMA-IR

1.84 ± 1.17

1.92 ± 1.41

1.98 ± 1.44

0.503

HbA1c, %

5.52 ± 0.44

5.61 ± 0.46

5.64 ± 0.59

0.004

Serum TG, mmol/L

1.51 ± 1.06

1.53 ± 1.01

1.50 ± 0.96

0.849

Serum TC, mmol/L

5.44 ± 1.06

5.44 ± 1.04

5.41 ± 1.03

0.849

Serum HDL-C, mmol/L

1.39 ± 0.33

1.40 ± 0.34

1.37 ± 0.31

0.374

Serum LDL-C, mmol/L

3.61 ± 0.90

3.61 ± 0.92

3.62 ± 0.87

0.975

Dyslipidemia, %

56.3

57.2

55.6

0.838

  1. TMAO trimethylamine-N-oxide, MET metabolic equivalent of task, BMI body mass index, WHR ratio of waist to hip circumference, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, HbA1c glycated hemoglobin, HOMA-IR homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, TG triglycerides, TC total cholesterol, LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol
  2. Mean ± SD or Median (IQR) for all continuous variables
  3. aAvailable in 1,384 women and 525 men
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Journal of Translational Medicine

ISSN: 1479-5876

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