Metabolic signature of obesity-associated insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes

Table 3 Metabolites that belong to the significantly enriched pathways associated with obesity-associated insulin resistance and T2DM

Metabolites	Sub pathway	Super pathway	Beta value	Std. error	p value
3-Hydroxylaurate	Fatty acid monohydroxy	Lipid	0.3	0.1	0.002
3-Hydroxyoctanoate		Lipid	0.3	0.1	0.008
3-Hydroxydecanoate		Lipid	0.3	0.1	0.009
3-Hydroxymyristate		Lipid	0.2	0.1	0.012
Glucose	Glycolysis gluconeogenesis and pyruvate metabolism	Carbohydrate	0.2	0	0.001
15-Anhydroglucitol (1,5-AG)	Glycolysis gluconeogenesis and pyruvate metabolism	Carbohydrate	− 0.4	0.2	0.019
Dimethylarginine (ADMA + SDMA)	Urea cycle; arginine and proline metabolism	Amino Acid	− 0.3	0.1	0.009
Homoarginine		Amino Acid	− 0.3	0.1	0.017
Ornithine		Amino Acid	− 0.2	0.1	0.042
2-Oxoarginine*		Amino acid	− 0.3	0.1	0.045

Linear regression was performed to identify significant metabolites associated with disease progression (lean, OIS, OIR, T2DM) using the R statistical package after correcting for age, gender, BMI and principle components (PC1 and PC2). A p-value significance level of 0.05 was used. Asterisks (*) on IDs of some metabolites indicate that they have not been officially confirmed based on a standard, but their identities are known with confidence [23]

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