Fig. 5

GITR and GITRL directly promoted Helios expression and function in Tregs in vitro. a, b Recombinant GITRL had a modest effect on promoting Helios expression, although there is no statistical significance. c, d GITR-Fc promoted Helios expression in Tregs (ANOVA, p < 0.0001) in a dose-dependent manner (post linear trend test, p < 0.0001). e Purity of Tregs after isolation by magnetic separation. f Expression of FOXP3 and CTLA-4 increased (p = 0.0219, p = 0.002, respectively) after treatment with GITR-Fc (10 µg/mL). (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.005, ****p < 0.001)