Fig. 1

Generation of patient-derived xenografts. a–c Sample preparation. a Patient tumor tissue is collected from surgery resection or biopsy; b the tissue is cut or minced into fine fragments in phosphate-buffered saline or medium in a sterile dish, or c dissociated in to single cell suspensions; d–g subcutaneous implantation. d A 3–6 weeks old immunocompromised mice is selected as the host; e a small skin incision is dissected to discover the subcutaneous space under anesthesia; f the tumor fragments are placed subcutaneously with a sterile forceps; g suture the skin incision. h–k Orthotopic implantation. h An infant immunocompromised mice is selected as the host; i a small skin incision is dissected around the knee joint to discover the femoral condyle under anesthesia; j single cell or fine fragments suspension is injected into the femoral shaft using a sterile syringe; k suture the skin incision