From: Influence of diet on the gut microbiome and implications for human health
Bacteria | Basic features | Associated physiologic changes | Associated disease states | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Bifidobacterium spp. | Gram positive obligate anaerobe branched; nonmotile | SCFA production; improve gut mucosal barrier; lower intestinal LPS levels | Reduced abundance in obesity | |
Lactobacillus spp. | Gram positive facultative anaerobe rod-shaped | SCFA production; anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities | Attenuate IBD | |
Bacteroides spp. | Gram negative obligate anaerobe rod-shaped; variable motility | Activate CD4Â +Â T cells | Increased abundance in IBD | |
Alistipes spp. | Gram negative obligate anaerobe rod-shaped; bile-resistant and pigment-producinga | Â | Reported in tissue from acute appendicitis and perirectal and brain abscesses | [174] |
Bilophila spp. | Gram negative obligate anaerobe urease-positive, bile resistant, catalase-positive | Promote pro-inflammatory TH1 immunity | B. wadsworthia observed in colitis, perforated and gangrenous appendicitis, liver and soft tissue abscesses, cholecystitis, FG, empyema, osteomyelitis, and HS | |
Clostridium spp. | Gram positive obligate anaerobe rod-shaped; spore-forming | Promote generation of TH17 cells | Several spp. are pathogenic causing tetanus, botulism, gas gangrene, or pseudomembranous colitis | |
Roseburia spp. | Gram variable obligate anaerobe curved rod-shaped; motile | SCFA production | Reduced abundance in IBD | [179] |
Eubacterium spp. | Gram positive obligate anaerobe rod-shaped | SCFA production; form beneficial phenolic acids | Reduced abundance in IBD | |
Enterococcus spp. | Gram positive facultative anaerobe cocci | Â | Several spp. are pathogenic causing UTI, endocarditis, or bacteremia | [182] |
Faecalibacterium prausnitzii | Gram positive obligate anaerobe rod-shaped; nonmotile | SCFA production; anti-inflammatory effects | Reduced abundance in IBD and obesity | |
Akkermansia muciniphila | Gram negative obligate anaerobe oval-shaped; nonmotile | Anti-inflammatory effects | Reduced abundance in IBD, obesity, and psoriatic arthritis | |
Escherichia coli | Gram negative facultative anaerobe rod-shaped | TLR-activation | Increased abundance in IBD gastroenteritis, UTI, and meningitis | |
Helicobacter pylori | Gram negative microaerophilic helix-shaped; motile | Â | Gastritis; ulcers; MALT cancers | |
Streptococcus spp. | Gram positive facultative anaerobe cocci | Â | Some spp. are pathogenic causing meningitis, pneumonia, and endocarditis | [191] |