Table 4 Applications and directions of bioprinting organs
From: Recent advances in bioprinting techniques: approaches, applications and future prospects
Bioprinted tissues and organs | 3D printing technology | Applications | Future directions | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Blood vessels | Inkjet bioprinting | Optimizing vascular geometry and cell viability and function Predicting flow rates, oxygen tension, and the diffusion of molecules in the vascular environment | Improving resolution for printing small vessels Increasing available bioink materials Increasing bioprinting speed | |
Extrusion bioprinting | ||||
Laser-assisted bioprinting | ||||
Heart | Extrusion-based bioprinting | Printing valvular interstitial cells into scaffolds with high speed and good viability (~100 %) over 21 days Printing hydrogel-based valve-shaped structures | Developing types of materials with good flexibility and elasticity | |
FRESH | ||||
Bone | SLA | Printing scaffolds that provide a framework for cells to attach, proliferate and function and to be integrated with the surrounding tissue Accurately controlling pore geometry, cell viability and mechanical properties | Investigating printed materials with osteoinductive or osteoconductive proteins Triggering vascularization in the repaired region | |
Laser-assisted bioprinting | ||||
Liver | Inkjet printing | Printing biological livers for liver transplantation in patients with liver resection Constructing artificial liver tissue for the detection of drug toxicities and other medical and biological testing | Constructing 3D functional liver tissue with a substantial capillary-like network | |
Skin | Inkjet bioprinting | Fabricating skin substitutes to repair skin wounds Studying the pathophysiology of skin diseases | Fabricating more complex human skin models with secondary and adnexal structures Improving LAB technology to achieve automation for bioprinting skin | |
Extrusion bioprinting | ||||
Laser-assisted bioprinting |