T0 | Basic biomedical research |
Identification of opportunities and approaches to health problems | |
Includes: preclinical and animal studies; GWAS studies; studies of cells, proteins, and DNA; studies on humans or existing datasets that focus on understanding biological, social and behavioral mechanisms that underlie health or disease | |
T1 | Translation to humans |
Seeks to move fundamental discovery into health application; provide clinical insights | |
Includes: proof of concept studies; Phase 1 clinical trials; studies testing feasibility or safety of a new method of diagnosis, treatment, or prevention | |
T2 | Translation to patients |
Health application to implications for evidence-based practice guidelines | |
Includes: Phase 2/3 clinical trials; studies to test efficacy of interventions in highly controlled settings | |
T3 | Translation to practice |
Practice guidelines to health practices | |
Includes: Phase 4 clinical trials, comparative effectiveness research, community based participatory research, dissemination and implementation research, clinical outcomes research, health services research, meta-analyses/systematic reviews of interventions, development/implementation of guidelines | |
T4 | Translation to communities |
Health practice to population health impact, providing communities with the optimal intervention | |
Includes: population-level outcomes research; wider implementation and dissemination; policy impacts; disease prevention through lifestyle/behavior modifications; real-world health outcomes; true benefit to society |