Fig. 3

Plasma levels of β-endorphin, ACTH, and α-MSH in CRPS patients a Plasma levels of β-endorphin in CRPS patients prior to ketamine therapy (responders, n = 8; poor responders, n = 7; healthy controls, n = 6). Statistical analysis was conducted using one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni multiple comparison test as post-Hoc test. b Changes in β-endorphin levels in the plasma of CRPS patients in response to ketamine therapy (responders, n = 8; poor responders, n = 7). *** p < 0.001. Statistical analysis was conducted using paired and unpaired t-test. c Plasma levels of ACTH in patients prior to ketamine therapy (responders, n = 8; poor responders, n = 7; healthy controls, n = 6). Statistical analysis was conducted using one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni multiple comparison test as post-Hoc test. d Plasma levels of α-MSH in CRPS patients prior to ketamine therapy (responders, n = 8; poor responders, n = 7; healthy controls, n = 6). Statistical analysis was conducted using one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni multiple comparison test as post-Hoc test. For all panels, data represent mean ± SEM