Origin | Locus | Cell type | Way of acquisition | Main contribution | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intrapulmonary stem/progenitor cells | Trachea, bronchi | Basal cell | Activation | Differentiation toward goblet cells, ciliated cells, mucous cells and serous cells | [61] |
Trachea | Duct cell | Activation | Differentiation toward goblet cells, ciliated cells, mucous cells, serous cells and myoepithelial cells | ||
Bronchiole | Clara cell | Activation | Differentiation toward ciliated, AT1 and AT2 cells | ||
Bronchiole, bronchioalveolar duct junction | Variant Clara cell | Activation | Differentiation toward cilia cells, Clara cell and PNECs | ||
Bronchioalveolar duct junction | Bronchioalveolar stem cell | Activation | Differentiation toward bronchiolar Clara cells and alveolar cells | ||
Mesenchymal | Mesenchymal stem cell, stromal cell | Activation | Bronchioalveolar stem cells increase, preservation of epithelial permeability, anti- oxidative stress | ||
Bronchiole, bronchioalveolar duct junction | Human lung stem cell | Activation | Differentiation toward Alveolar and endothelia cells | [81] | |
Alveolus | Alveolar type II cells | Activation | Differentiation toward Alveolar type I cells and BASC | ||
Alveolus | AEPC | Activation | Differentiation toward Alveolar type I and II cells | [82] | |
Extrapulmonary stem/progenitor cells | Bone marrow | Mesenchymal stem cell | Mobilization, isolation | Bacteria clearance, anti-inflammation, tissue repair | [9] |
Epithelial progenitor cell | Mobilization, isolation | Anti-inflammation, tissue repair | [10] | ||
Hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell | Mobilization, isolation | Anti-inflammation, tissue repair | |||
Placenta | Amniotic fluid stem cells | Isolation | Anti-inflammation, tissue repair | ||
Amnion epithelial cells | Isolation | Anti-inflammation, tissue repair | [40] | ||
Umbilical cord CD34+ progenitor cells | Isolation | Anti-inflammation, tissue repair | [42] | ||
Umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells | Isolation | Anti-inflammation, tissue repair | [41] | ||
Fetal membrane-derived mesenchymal stem cells | Isolation | Anti-inflammation, tissue repair | [37] | ||
Adipose | Mesenchymal stem cell | Isolation | Anti-inflammation through eNOS and eNOS-derived NO, tissue repair | ||
Embryo | Embryonic stem cells | Isolation | Anti-inflammation, generation of functional airway epithelium | [45] | |
Embryonic stem cell-derived progenitor cells | Isolation | Anti-inflammation, tissue repair | [44] | ||
Blood | Mesenchymal stem cell | Isolation | Anti-inflammation, tissue repair | [43] | |
Epithelial progenitor cell | Isolation | Anti-inflammation, tissue repair | [12] | ||
Hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell | Isolation | Anti-inflammation, tissue repair | [14] | ||
 | Engineering stem/progenitor cell | iPSCs | Isolation and genetic manipulation | Anti-inflammation via NF-KB and Src pathway, differentiation toward alveolar epithelial cells | |
Modified mesenchymal stem cell | Isolation and genetic manipulation | Anti-inflammation, tissue repair |