Figure 2

Selected pathways altered by DNA hypermethyation in CM. Aberrant promoter hypermethylation in CM may suppress the expression of APC, PTEN, RASSF1A, TMS1, TRAIL-R1, XAF1, and WIF1, leading to deregulation of different pathways, including apoptosis, cell cycle, cell-fate determination, cell growth, and inflammation. Gene symbol: APAF1, apoptotic peptidase activating factor 1; APC, adenomatous polyposis coli; BAX, BCL2-associated X protein; CYT C, cytochrome C; DIABLO, direct IAP-binding protein with low pI; DVL, dishevelled; FADD, Fas-associating protein with death domain; GF, Growth Factor; GSK3β, glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta; IL, interleukin; LRP, LDL receptor family; MOAP1, modulator of apoptosis 1; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; PI3K, phosphoinositide-3-kinase; PIP3, phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate; PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homolog; RAR, retinoic acid receptor; RASSF1A, Ras association domain family 1; RTK, Receptor Tyrosine Kinase; TCF/LEF, T-cell factor/lymphoid enhancer factor; TMS1, Target Of Methylation Silencing 1; TRAIL, TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand; TRAIL-R1, TRAIL receptor 1; WIF1, Wnt inhibitory factor 1; XAF1, XIAP associated factor 1; XIAP, X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis.