FAM83A promotes proliferation and metastasis via Wnt/β-catenin signaling in head neck squamous cell carcinoma

This research aimed to investigate the expression and function of FAM83A in the proliferation and metastasis in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). FAM83A mRNA and protein expressions in HNSCC were detected in primary HNSCC samples and cell lines. The associations between FAM83A expression and clinicopathologic variables were evaluated through tissue microarrays. Besides, FAM83A knockdown and overexpression cell lines were constructed to assess cell growth and metastasis in vitro and the relationship between FAM83A and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Furthermore, two models of xenograft tumors in nude mice were used to assess the tumorigenicity and metastasis ability of FAM83A in vivo. In the present study, overexpression of FAM83A in HNSCC samples was significantly associated with tumor size, lymph node status and clinical tumor stages. Mechanically, FAM83A could promote HNSCC cell growth and metastasis by inducing EMT via activating Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Rescue experiment demonstrated the inhibition of β-catenin could counteract the function of FAM83A. Also, the FAM83A knockdown could suppress tumor growth and distant metastasis in the xenograft animal models of HNSCC. In conclusion, this study identifies FAM83A as an oncogene of HNSCC. This study provides new insights into the molecular pathways that contribute to EMT in HNSCC. We revealed a previously unknown FAM83A-Wnt–β-catenin signaling axis involved in the EMT of HNSCC. There may be a potential bi-directional signaling loop between FAM83A and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in HNSCC. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12967-021-03089-6.


Introduction
In recent years, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide, with more than 350,000 cancer-related deaths per year even though combined and multidisciplinary therapy has greatly advanced [1,2]. Therefore, more efforts should be made to explore the cellular and molecular mechanism of HNSCC tumorigenesis. Thus, the dentification of new therapeutic targets for HNSCC is urgently needed for clinicians.
As the smallest member of the FAM83 family (FAM83A to H), family with sequence similarity 83, member A (FAM83A), is located on chromosome 8q24. In 2005, FAM83A with the conserved DUF1669 domain at its N-terminus, was firstly reported as a potential cancer biomarker involved in tumor progression [3]. Prior studies have suggested that FAM83A is abnormally expressed and involved in the progression of multiple human cancers [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. It is also reported FAM83A can be a diagnostic and prognostic marker of non-small cell lung cancer and is closely related to tumor histology and signal transduction [14,15]. FAM83A signaling can also stimulate epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by triggering the PI3K/AKT/Snail pathway in non-small cell lung cancer [16]. Furthermore, FAM83A/PD-L1 coexpression correlates with poor prognosis in lung adenocarcinoma, and FAM83A drives PD-L1 expression via ERK signaling, thus causing tumor immune escape [13].
DUF1669 domain mediates the interaction with the α, δ or ε isoforms of the CK1 family of Ser/Thr protein kinases [17]. The FAM83 proteins can interact with CK1α, and FAM83A, B, E and H also interact withCK1δ and ε isoforms.CK1α, δ and ε isoforms have been involved in cellular processes including Wnt signaling, mitosis, and DNA damage responses [18][19][20][21].It has been previously reported that FAM83F and FAM83G can regulate canonical Wnt signaling through an interaction with CK1α [22]. Recent studies have shown that FAM83A also regulates canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in EMT of lung cancer [23]. However, whether FAM83A can regulate canonical Wnt signaling in HNSCC remains unknown. Here, we aim to clarify the role and mechanism of FAM83A in the proliferation and metastasis of HNSCC cells, thus providing evidence for more potential therapeutic targets for HNSCC.

Patients
In brief, 242 patients including 148 males and 94 females, who underwent surgery and were diagnosed as primary HNSCC from 2009 to 2014 in the Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, were recruited. 242 HNSCC samples and 12 HNSCC adjacent normal tissues were used to make tissue microarrays [24]. The clinicopathologic information including age, gender, tumor size, lymph node status, histological grade, clinical stage and follow-up information were obtained from the patients' electronic medical records and followup visits. Besides, we collected 48 pairs of fresh HNSCC tissues and adjacent normal tissues to extract mRNA and chose 10 pairs of them to examine FAM83A expression. All experiments were in accordance with the Institutional Review Board of the Nanjing Medical University and complied with the Declaration of Helsinki (Approval ID 2019343).

Real-time PCR and western blotting assays
Real-time RT-PCR and western blotting assays were carried out in accordance with standard process as we described previously [25]. Nuclear and cytoplasmic protein extraction from cells is in accordance with the TRIZOL reagent (Invitrogen) manufacturer's protocol.

Cell migration and invasion assays
For the migration assay, 8 × 10 4 HNSCC cells in 200ul complete medium were seeded into the upper compartment of a transwell insert with 8 µm pores (Costar, Lowell, MA, USA). The lower chamber was filled with 700ul basal medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS). After 12 h (HN6 cell line) or 24 h (CAL27, FADU and HN4 cell lines), the invaded cells adhering to the lower compartment were fixed, stained, and counted under an inverted microscope (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan). For the invasion assay, 2 × 10 5 cells/well were plated and the upper compartment was pre-coated with Matrigel (Corning, Bedford, MA, USA).

Cell viability measurement
Cell viability was detected by CCK-8 assay (Dojindo Molecular Technologies, Kumamoto, Japan). Cells were seeded and cultured in 96-well plates at a density of 2000 cells/well. Every other day, CCK-8 reagent was added and the absorbance was determined at 450 nm.

Wound-healing assay
Cells were seeded into six-well plates and scratched with a 10ul pipette tip when cells grew to 90% confluence, and then cells were incubated with complete medium. At 0, 12, or 24 h, wound closure was photographed and its percentage was calculated.

Immunofluorescence staining
Cells were plated onto coverslips and fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 20 min when cells grew to 50% confluency. Then, the coverslips were permeabilized with or without 0.3% Triton, incubated with goat serum for 30 min and primary antibody overnight at 4 ℃. After it was rinsed thrice with PBS with Tween-20, cells were. incubated with fluorescent Cy3 secondary antibodies (1:50, Proteintech, USA) for 1 h at 37 °C in the dark. After the slides were incubated with DAPI (Life Technologies, USA), cells were observed and photographed under an FV1000 laser confocal scanning microscope (Tokyo, Japan). Primary antibodies used were as follows: E-cadherin (1:100, CST), Vimentin (1:100, CST), and β-catenin (1:100; CST).

In vivo assay
All animal experiments were in accordance with the Animal Use and Care Committee of the Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University (IACUC-1906018). Female 4-6 weeks old BALB/c nude mice used were purchased from Vital River Laboratory Animal Technology Co.Ltd (Beijing, China). To explore the role of FAM83A on HNSCC tumor growth, a total of 2 × 10 6 FAM83A knockdown HN6 cells and control cells were injected into the right armpit of mice. Tumor growth and body weight were determined every three days. After 24 days, mice were killed and tumors were stripped carefully. To explore the role of FAM83A on HNSCC tumor metastatic potential, a total of 1 × 10 6 HN6 cells were injected into the nude mice by tail intravenous. After 42 days, mice lungs were dissected carefully and the number of metastatic nodes were counted.

Statistical analysis
The chi-square test, Fisher's exact probability method, Mann-Whitney U test and Kruskal-Wallis test were applied to analyze the connection between FAM83A expression and clinicopathological characteristics. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and paired-samples T test were applied to compare FAM83A mRNA expression in HNSCC samples and adjacent normal tissues. Statistical significance in in vitro and in vivo experiments was assessed using one-way ANOVA and independentsamples T test. Data were presented as the mean ± SD from three independent experiments and all data were analyzed via GraphPad Prism 7 (San Diego, CA, USA) software. P < 0.05 was considered significant in all experiments.

FAM83A overexpression was associated with clinicopathological characteristics in HNSCC
To explore the role of FAM83A in HNSCC, we examined FAM83A expression through 3 tissue microarrays consisting of 242 human HNSCC samples and 12 adjacent normal tissues through IHC analysis. The expression patterns of FAM83A in HNSCC and adjacent normal tissues were classified according to immunoreactive scores and the detailed demographic and clinicopathological parameters of these patients were listed in Table 1. Obviously, HNSCC tissues tended to show stronger cytoplasmic staining of FAM83A and adjacent normal tissues exhibited a lower or negative expression of FAM83A ( Fig. 1A-C). We then analyzed the relationship between FAM83A expression and clinicopathological features (Table 1 and Fig. 1D-G). Elevated expressions of FAM83A were detected in tumor samples with bigger tumor size and higher clinical tumor stages (Fig. 1D, F). Besides, advanced HNSCC patients with lymph node metastasis showed higher FAM83A expression levels than those in early-stage patients with no lymph node metastasis (Fig. 1E). However, FAM83A expression has no correction with pathological classifications (Fig. 1G). Above all, we found that increased FAM83A expression was related to tumor volumes, lymph node status, and clinical tumor stages.
To further clarify the role of FAM83A in HNSCC, we collected 48 pairs of fresh tumor tissues which included HNSCC and adjacent normal tissues. Forty-eight pairs of tissues were used to extract mRNA and 10 pairs of tissues among them were used to extract protein. The qRT-PCR results in 48 HNSCC samples and paired normal tissues demonstrated that FAM83A mRNA was significantly increased in HNSCC than paired normal tissues (Fig. 1H). Among 10 pairs of HNSCC samples and normal tissues, 8 pairs presented higher FAM83A protein levels in tumor tissues (Fig. 1J). FAM83A presented a higher expression level in HNSCC samples than adjacent normal tissues both at mRNA and protein level. Besides, TCGA database showed that the FAM83A mRNA expression is markedly upregulated in 519 HNSCC samples compared to 44 normal tissues (Fig. 1I). Meanwhile, we found that FAM83A expressions in HNSCC cell lines were higher than that in human normal oral keratinocytes (HOK) (Fig. 1K).

FAM83A in HNSCC promoted tumor growth and metastasis in vitro
To further explore the function of FAM83A in HNSCC, we constructed the FAM83A knockdown and overexpression cell lines and verified the efficiency of interference both at the mRNA and protein levels through real-time PCR and western blotting assays. As shown in Fig. 1K, the relatively endogenous FAM83A in CAL27 and FADU cells was higher, and FAM83A in HN4 and HN6 cells was lower. Herein, CAL27 and FADU cells were chosen to be transfected with specific shRNA lentivirus ( Fig. 2A, B), while HN4 and HN6 cells were transfected with FAM83A overexpression lentivirus (LV-FAM83A) ( Fig. 3A and B). Interestingly, we found that FAM83A knockdown did not change CAL27 and FADU cell morphology (Fig. 2C), but FAM83A overexpression made HN4 and HN6 cells become elongated and fibroblast-like (Fig. 3C). Meanwhile, CCK8 assay found FAM83A downregulation impaired cell viability in CAL27 and FADU cells (Fig. 2D), while, FAM83A upregulation promoted cell growth in HN4 and HN6 cells (Fig. 3D). In the wound healing experiment, the migration of FAM83A knockdown group was significantly slower than those of the negative control group in CAL27 and FADU cell lines (Fig. 2E, F). Conversely, FAM83A overexpression group enhanced the migratory ability in HN4 andHN6 cells lines (Fig. 3E, F). Besides, transwell assays showed that the downregulation of FAM83A significantly weakened the migratory and invasive ability in CAL27 and FADU cell lines (Fig. 2G, H) and FAM83A upregulation significantly enhanced the migratory and invasive ability in HN4 and HN6 cell lines ( Fig. 3G and H). These results indicated FAM83A promoted HNSCC cells growth and metastasis in vitro. EMT-related markers expression through western blotting, real-time PCR and immunofluorescence assays after FAM83A silencing and overexpression. As shown in Fig. 4A-H, after FAM83A was knocked down in CAL27 and FADU cells, the epithelial marker E-cadherin was elevated and the mesenchymal markers including N-cadherin, Vimentin and Snail descended at both protein and mRNA levels ( Fig. 4A-C). As expected, FAM83A overexpression exerted the opposite effects in HN4 and HN6 cells (Fig. 4D-F). Both real-time PCR and western blotting analysis validated this result. Furthermore, immunofluorescence staining assay confirmed the downregulation of FAM83A decreased Vimentin but increased E-cadherin expression in CAL27 cell lines, whereas the upregulation of FAM83A reverted this phenomenon in HN6 cell lines (Fig. 4G, H). Besides, we found FAM83A could enhance Wnt-responsive genes expression. As shown in Fig. 4A-F, FAM83A knockdown group cells showed the downregulation of c-myc and Cyclin D1 and the upregulation of phosphor-β-catenin. Meanwhile, FAM83A overexpression group cells showed the upregulation of c-myc and Cyclin D1 and the downregulation of phosphor-β-catenin compared to the negative control group. However, FAM83A did not affect total β-catenin expression in HNSCC cells (Fig. 4A-F). Taken together, FAM83A promoted EMT and activated Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in HNSCC cell lines.

FAM83A promoted EMT through Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and β-catenin regulated FAM83A expression in HNSCC cells
To further explore the possible mechanism of FAM83A in regulating the proliferation, migration, and invasion of HNSCC, we detected β-catenin changes in nucleus and cytoplasm. Western blotting analysis demonstrated nuclear β-catenin decreased while cytosolic β-catenin increased after FAM83A knockdown in CAL27 and HN6 cells. Meanwhile, β-catenin increased in the nucleus and decreased in the cytoplasm when FAM83A was overexpressed ( Fig. 5A and B). Besides, immunofluorescence assay of β-catenin showed lower level of nuclear β-catenin in the FAM83A knockdown groups and higher level of nuclear β-catenin in the FAM83A-overexpressing groups in CAL27 and HN6 cells (Fig. 5C, D). These phenomenon further indicated that FAM83A promoted β-catenin Figure S1A-C). At the same time, western blotting assay found that E-cadherin expression was increased, N-cadherin, Vimentin and Snail expression were decreased when CAL27 and HN6 FAM83A-overexpression group cells were treated with XAV-939 (Fig. 5E). Interestingly, the downregulation of β-catenin induced by XAV-939 decreased FAM83A protein expression (Fig. 5E). This suggests that β-catenin could also regulate FAM83A. To further prove it, we treated CAL27 and HN6 cells with small interfering RNA (siRNA) of β-catenin and a plasmid containing the β-catenin cDNA sequence respectively. As shown in Fig. 5F and Additional file 2: Figure   Fig. 5 FAM83A promotes EMT through Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and β-catenin regulated FAM83A expression in HNSCC cells. A Expression of nuclear and cytoplasmic FAM83A and β-catenin protein in CAL27 and HN6 cells after FAM83A silencing. B The expressions of nuclear and cytoplasmic FAM83A and β-catenin protein in CAL27 and HN6 cells after FAM83A overexpressed. C Immunofluorescence assays of β-catenin in CAL27 and HN6 cells after FAM83A silencing(400 ×). D Immunofluorescence assays of β-catenin in CAL27 and HN6 cells after FAM83A overexpressed (400 ×). E Protein levels of β-catenin, FAM83A, E-cadherin, N-cadherin, Vimentin, and Snail were determined by western blotting in CAL27 and HN6 cells after being treated with XAV-939. F Protein levels of β-catenin and FAM83A were determined by western blotting in CAL27 and HN6 cells after si-β-catenin transfection and plasmid transfection respectively S2A-D, β-catenin silencing caused FAM83A downregulation and β-catenin overexpression resulted in FAM83A upregulation both at protein and mRNA level. Taken together, the above findings suggested that FAM83A promotes cell proliferation and metastasis in HNSCC by activating Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and there may be a loop feedback between FAM83A and β-catenin.

FAM83A promoted tumor growth and distant metastasis in vivo
To study the function of FAM83A on tumor growth in HNSCC, we used a subcutaneous xenograft tumor model and injected HN6 cells (2 × 10 6 ) into the right flank of mice. Compared with the tumors produced by the negative control cells, the tumors separated from mice injected with the FAM83A-knockdown cells were smaller and showed a weaker ability in tumor growth (Fig. 6A). The tumors formed in the negative control group possessed a larger tumor volume and heavier weight than shFAM83A group (Fig. 6B, C). HE staining assay demonstrated the tumors separated from nude mice were HNSCC (Fig. 6D). Besides, IHC assay demonstrated tumors dissected from negative control group had a stronger FAM83A staining compared with the other group (Fig. 6E). Moreover, we used an experimental metastasis assay to explore its function on tumor potential metastasis and injected HN6 cells (1 × 10 6 ) into the tail intravenous of nude mice. As described in Fig. 6F and G, mice injected with shFAM83A group cells formed less pulmonary metastases (n = 6, an average of 3 nodules per lung) than shNC group (n = 6, an average of 11 nodules per lung) (Fig. 6F, G). Furthermore, HE staining assays demonstrated that the number of metastatic lesions significantly declined in shFAM83A group mice compared with shNC group (Fig. 6H). These findings suggested that FAM83A promoted tumor growth and metastasis in HNSCC.

Discussion
HNSCC is a malignant tumor with high mortality rate [1,2]. The carcinogenesis of HNSCC is complex which involves coefficient functions of multiple feedback loops and cross-talk communications. Different genetic alterations interact with each other and will be taken into consideration to guide the targeted therapy in HNSCC.
Previous studies have highlighted that the up-regulated FAM83A often functions as an oncogenic gene in tumorigenesis. However, the function of FAM83A in HNSCC has not been reported and particularly requires further exploration.
In our study, the function and mechanism of FAM83A in HNSCC were profoundly investigated. Firstly, immunohistochemistry in human HNSCC microarrays showed aberrant overexpression of FAM83A in a large number of patients compared with adjacent normal tissues. It is interesting to note that FAM83A positivity was observed as brown membranous and cytoplasmic immunostaining in HNSCC group, consistent with the previous reports [15]. Our results showed that FAM83A expression was positively correlated with advanced tumor size, lymph node metastasis, and clinical tumor stages respectively. The clinical specimens showed that FAM83A may play a key role in the migration and metastasis of HNSCC in the present study. Then, FAM83A expression was noticeably amplified in HNSCC fresh tissues and cells by RT-qPCR and Western Blotting. This was consistent with the results of TCGA database, indicating that HNSCC samples have higher expressions of FAM83A than those in adjacent tissues. Therefore, FAM83A might serve as an oncogene in HNSCC.
The mechanism of FAM83A in promoting HNSCC progression is not clear. To explore the underlying mechanism of FAM83A in HNSCC cells, we constructed stably transfected FAM83A knockdown and overexpressed HNSCC cells. Depletion of FAM83A dramatically inhibited cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in HNSCC cells. Moreover, we found that knockdown of FAM83A expression in HNSCC cells decreased metastatic foci in vivo. FAM83A overexpression exerted the opposite effects. All these results illustrated that the up-regulation of FAM83A could enhance cell proliferation, migration and invasion in HNSCC. Taken together, these data indicate that FAM83A could promote HNSCC progression.
The epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays a vital role in cancer metastasis [26,27]. The downregulation of epithelium markers such as E-cadherin and the up-regulation of mesenchymal marker such as N-cadherin, Vimentin and Snail are the most common hallmarks of EMT [28]. Prior studies have indicated that initiation of EMT in tumor is frequently observed in the metastasis of HNSCC [29].In our study, HNSCC cells presented fibroblast-like phenotypes, showing a more elongated and spindle-like shape in HNSCC cells after FAM83A overexpression. Also, E-cadherin was increased while N-cadherin, Vimentin, and Snail were inhibited after silencing FAM83A in CAL27 and FADU cell lines, which suggested that the EMT of HNSCC was inhibited. All these data suggested that FAM83A can induce the activation of the EMT-related signaling pathways in HNSCC cells. Therefore, FAM83A might play a vital role in the EMT of HNSCC.
It is suggested that aberrant changes of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway are of decisive importance in EMT [30]. Wnt can activate β-catenin at a downstream location in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling [31]. The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway can play a key role in cell proliferation, differentiation and regeneration [32]. The upregulation of β-catenin plays an important role in enhancing the invasion and metastasis of several types of cancer by inducing EMT. GSK3β phosphorylates β-catenin and results in the degradation of β-catenin, which inhibits the activity of the Wnt signaling pathway [30][31][32] Interestingly, it has been reported that the overexpression of FAM83A could interact with the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in pancreatic cancer and lung cancer [6].
To explore the underlying mechanism of FAM83A in HNSCC cells, we examined the effects of FAM83A on the Wnt signaling pathway and EMT. It is reported that c-myc elevated oncogenic activity provided an upregulation of EMT in HNSCC [33].
Our study showed that FAM83A can enhance the expression of active β-catenin and downstream targets of the Wnt pathway, such as cyclin D1 and c-myc. Besides, western blotting assays and immunofluorescence staining assays demonstrated that β-catenin entered into the cell nucleus from the cytoplasm in CAL27 and HN6 FAM83A-upregulated cells, demonstrating the Wntpathway-mediated β-catenin activation. These results were further demonstrated by using the β-catenin inhibitor to pharmacologically block the Wnt signaling pathway. In the rescue experiment, the inhibitor, XAV-939, could reverse the promoting effect of FAM83A in HNSCC. It is known that FAM83F and FAM83G can regulate canonical Wnt signaling through an interaction with CK1α [22]. Previous research also proposed that FAM83A can inhibit GSK3β activity and increase the