Fig. 3
From: The role of mitochondria in the resistance of melanoma to PD-1 inhibitors
The relationship between the occurrence and development of melanoma cells and mitochondria. Activation and mutation of NRAS or BRAF genes in MAPK and PI3K signaling pathways in melanoma cells can inhibit mitochondrial function and promote glycolysis. The increase of intracellular calcium concentration in melanoma cells can inhibit the function of mitochondria. In addition, some miRNAs may also affect the function of mitochondria. PI3K: Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinases; NADH: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; HIF1α: Hypoxia inducible factor-1α; mTOR: mammalian Target of rapamycin; PDK1: Phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1; PTEN: Phosphatase and tensin homolog; NRAS: Neuroblastoma RAS; MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase; MITF: Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor; NRF1: Nuclar respiratory factor-1; TFAM: Mitochondrial transcription factor A; MYC: Myelocytomatosis viral oncogene; Drp1: Dynamin-related protein 1; MDIVI-1: Mitochondrial division inhibitor 1