Fig. 2

Roles of MDVs and MQC system in KSD. At early stage of oxidative stress with mild mitochondrial damage, MDVs (as a part of the MQC system) are formed to eliminate the malfunctioned mitochondrial components. Under severe oxidative stress condition, mitochondrial dynamics (fission/fusion) and mitophagy are predominantly activated to rescue mitochondrial structure and functions. When the MQC system is overwhelmed by extremely severe oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction occurs, leading to ROS overproduction, mitochondrial degradation, inflammation, cell death, and renal tubulointerstitial injury. All these detrimental derangements lead to CaOx crystal deposition, growth, aggregation, nidus formation, Randall’s plaque development and, finally, kidney stone formation