Fig. 5

MSCs skew Th1/Th2 immune balance toward Th2 via IL-4 at an advanced stage. A Scheme of the Co-culture and treatment experimental design. Some mice in the AML group were sacrificed 7 weeks after AOM administration, and naïve primary T cells were extracted from the spleen of mice, and co-cultured with MSCs for 48 h and 120 h respectively. B Flow cytometry analysis of the mean percentage of Th1, Th2 and Treg cells in naïve CD4⁺T cells co-cultured with MSCs (ratio 1:5) for 48 h and 120 h respectively or without MSCs. C, D analyze and count separately. We extracted proteins from MSCs co-cultured for 120 h with naïve CD4⁺T. E, F Representative immunoblot bands and histogram of relative expression for the IFN-γ, TNF-α,TGF-β1 IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12 and IL-17. G Flow cytometry analysis of the mean percentage of Th1, Th2 and Treg cells in naïve CD4⁺T cells co-cultured with IL-4 (10 ng/ml) or without IL-4. H, I Analyze and count separately. Values are expressed as means ± SD. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 or ***P < 0.001. MSC mesenchymal stem cells, MT MSCs co-cultured for 120 h with naïve CD4⁺T