Table 3 Alterations of oral microbial profile in autoimmune diseases

IBD: UC and CD

Saliva

16S rRNA amplicon sequencing

22 IBD vs. 8 HCs

Increased: Saccharibacteria (TM7), Absconditabacteria (SR1), Leptotrichia, Prevotella, Bulleidia, and Atopobium

[133]

Saliva

16S rRNA sequencing

54 UC, 13 CD vs. 25 HCs

UC: Increased of Streptococcus and Enterobacteriaceae species

CD: Decreased of Lachnospiraceae and Prevotella

[134]

Saliva

16S rRNA sequencing

29 CD vs. 31 HCs

Increased: g. Prevotella, f. Prevotellaceae, and p. Bacteroidetes

[137]

RA

Subgingival plaque

Shotgun metagenomics sequencing

48 positives for anti-CCP RA vs. 32 HCs

Increased: P. gingivalis

[154]

Subgingival plaques

16S rRNA sequencing

54 RA vs. 44 HCs and 45 PD

Increased: Porphyromonas, Prevotella, and Veilonella

Decreased: Streptococcus, Gemella, Planobacterium

[160]

Subgingival plaque

16 S rRNA sequencing

8 RA and 10 non-RA

Increased: S. parasanguinis and Actinomyces meyeri

[162]

SLE

Saliva

16S rRNA sequencing

35 SLE vs. 35 HCs

Increased: Veillonella, Streptococcus, and Prevotella

[168]

Mucosa swabs

16S rRNA sequencing

25 SLE vs. 19 HCs

Decreased: Sphingomonadaceae, Halomonadaceae, and Xanthomonadaceae

[12]

T1D

Oral swabs

53 T1D vs 50 HCs

Increased: Streptococcus spp., Actinomyces spp. and Rothia spp

[180]

Saliva

16S rRNA sequencing

37 T1D vs 29 HCs

Increased: Streptococcus

[181]

Subgingival

Bacterium-specific PCR

24 T1D vs 27 HCs

Increased: Capnocytophaga sputigena and C. ochracea

[183]

SS: PSS and SSS

Saliva

16S rRNA sequencing

9 pSS vs. 5 HCs

Increased: Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria;

Decreased: Proteobacteria

[197]

Saliva

16S rRNA sequencing

37 pSS vs. 35 HCs

Increased: Bifidobacterium, Dialister, and Lactobacillus

Decreased: Leptotrichia

[199]

Supragingival plaque

CKB

37 SS vs. 35 HCs

Increased: V. parvula, Fusobacterium nucleatum ss vincenti, and Propionibacterium acnes

[200]

AS

Saliva

16S rRNA metagenomic sequencing

37 AS vs. 41 HCs

Increased: Veillonellaceae, Brucella spp, and C. concisus

Decreased: Streptococcus

[207]

MS

Saliva

16S rRNA DGGE and Next generation sequencing

30 MS vs. 30 HCs

Increased: Genera Staphylococcus, Actinomyces, Fusobacterium, Bacteroides, Porphyromonas, Prevotella, Veillonella, Propionibacterium and uncultivable bacteria

[211]

AILDs:

AIH, PBC, and PSC

Saliva

16S rRNA sequencing

68 AIH vs. 136 HCs

Increased: Streptococcus, Veillonella, and Leptotrichia

[216]

Saliva

16S rRNA sequencing

56 AILD vs. 15 HCs

Increased: Eubacterium and Veillonella

Decreased: Fusobacterium

[219]

Saliva

16S metagenomic sequencing

39 PBS vs. 37 HCs

Increased: Bacteroidetes, Campylobacter, Prevotella, and Veillonella

Decreased: Enterococcaceae, Granulicatella, Rothia, and Streptococcu

[220]

Saliva

16S rRNA sequencing

35 PSC vs. 30 HCs

Increased: Veillonella, Scardovia, and Streptococcus

[226]

Saliva

16S rRNA sequencing

24 PSC vs. 24 HCs

Decreased: Rothia and Haemophilus

[227]

IgAN

Saliva

16S rRNA sequencing

28 lgAN vs. 25 HCs

Increased: Granulicatella;

Decreased: Prevotella and Veillonella

[233]

Saliva

16S rRNA pyrosequencing

28 lgAN vs. 14 HCs

Increased: Pasteurellaceae

Decreased: Ratio of Firmicutes to Proteobacteria

[234]

Saliva

16S rRNA amplicon sequencing

43 lgAN vs. 65 HCs

Increased: Neisseria

[235]

Saliva

16S rRNA sequencing

31 lgAN vs. 30 HCs

Decreased: Capnocytophaga, Rothia, and Haemophilus

[236]