The oral microbiome in autoimmune diseases: friend or foe?

Table 2 The currently available animal models for dissecting the interactions between oral microbiota dysbiosis and autoimmune diseases

Mice	Disease model	Experimental intervention	Pathological changes	Consequence	References
B10.RIII	Collagen-induced arthritis	Oral administration of P. gingivalis, T. denticola and T. forsythia	Increased periodontal bacteria in synovial joints	Exacerbations of RA	[100]
C57BL/6N	Experimental periodontitis	Oral administration of P.gingivalis	Increased gut permeability and blood endotoxin levels	Increased risk of systemic diseases	[103]
Il10 WT B6	NA NA	Oral administration of Amp and Kp-2H7 Oral administration of saliva from patients with active UC	Accumulation of TH1 cells in colonic tissues	Exacerbations of colitis	[104]
C57BL/6	DSS-induced colitis	Ligature-induced periodontitis	Increased inflammasome production in colonic mononuclear phagocytes	Exacerbations of intestinal mucositis	[106]
C57BL/6	DSS-induced colitis	Oral administration of F. nucleatum	Increased damage to epithelial cells	Exacerbations of UC	[148]
DBA/1 J	Collagen-induced arthritis	Injection with P. gingivalis	Severe synovial inflammation and bone destruction in joints	Exacerbations of RA	[156]
DBA1/J	Collagen-induced arthritis	Injection with anti-FimA antibody	Inhibiting the attachment and aggregation of P.gingivalis	Alleviation of RA	[157]
BALB/c	SKG model of arthritis	Administration of SCWs from S. parasalivarius strains	Enrichment of SCW in synovial tissue	Induction of chronic arthritis	[159]

UC ulcerative colitis, DSS dextran sulfate sodium, SCW Streptococcal cell walls, SKG, BALB/c ZAP-70W163C-mutant. Kp-2H7, Klebsiella pneumoniae 2H7

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