From: The oral microbiome in autoimmune diseases: friend or foe?
Autoimmune disease | Pathogenic Oral microbiota | Key mediators | Promoter or suppressor | Mechanism | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
IBD | Streptococcus mutans | IFN-γ | Promoter | Microbial translocation (hematogenous route) | [97] |
IBD | Klebsiella strains | TH1 cells | Promoter | Microbial translocation (enteral route) and amplification of autoimmunity by cytokines | [104] |
IBD | F. nucleatum | TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-17 | Promoter | Amplification of autoimmunity by cytokines | [127] |
IBD | C. concisus | THP-1 cells | Promoter | Amplification of autoimmunity by cytokines | [105] |
P. gingivalis | PADs | Promoter | Autoantigen overproduction | [119] | |
RA | Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans | ACPA | Promoter | Autoantigen overproduction | [18] |
RA | P. gingivalis | IL-17 | Promoter | Microbial translocation (hematogenous route) | [100] |
RA | P. gingivalis | TLR | Promoter | Amplification of autoimmunity by cytokines | [92] |
SLE | Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, P. gingivalis, T. denticola, and C. ochracea | Anti-dsDNA antibodies | Promoter | Autoantigen overproduction | [19] |
SLE、SS | P.denticola and B.cereus | Ro60 | Promoter | Molecular mimicry | [113] |
PBC | P.gingivalis, Streptococcus spp., and F.nucleatum | PDC-E2 | Promoter | Molecular mimicry | [113] |