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Table 1 The effects of oral microbiota on autoimmune diseases

From: The oral microbiome in autoimmune diseases: friend or foe?

Autoimmune disease

Pathogenic Oral microbiota

Key mediators

Promoter or suppressor

Mechanism

References

IBD

Streptococcus mutans

IFN-γ

Promoter

Microbial translocation (hematogenous route)

[97]

IBD

Klebsiella strains

TH1 cells

Promoter

Microbial translocation (enteral route) and amplification of autoimmunity by cytokines

[104]

IBD

F. nucleatum

TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-17

Promoter

Amplification of autoimmunity by cytokines

[127]

IBD

C. concisus

THP-1 cells

Promoter

Amplification of autoimmunity by cytokines

[105]

 

P. gingivalis

PADs

Promoter

Autoantigen overproduction

[119]

RA

Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans

ACPA

Promoter

Autoantigen overproduction

[18]

RA

P. gingivalis

IL-17

Promoter

Microbial translocation (hematogenous route)

[100]

RA

P. gingivalis

TLR

Promoter

Amplification of autoimmunity by cytokines

[92]

SLE

Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, P. gingivalis, T. denticola, and C. ochracea

Anti-dsDNA antibodies

Promoter

Autoantigen overproduction

[19]

SLE、SS

P.denticola and B.cereus

Ro60

Promoter

Molecular mimicry

[113]

PBC

P.gingivalis, Streptococcus spp., and F.nucleatum

PDC-E2

Promoter

Molecular mimicry

[113]

  1. IBD Inflammatory bowel disease, RA Rheumatoid arthritis, SLE systemic lupus erythematosus, SS sjogren syndrome, PBC primary biliary cholangitis; PADs peptidylarginine deiminases, ACPA anti-citrullinated protein antibodies, TRL toll-like receptor, PDC-E2 Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex E2; Anti-dsDNA anti-double stranded DNA antibody; Ro60 Ro ribonucleoprotein 60 KDa