Fig. 5

The examples of polymer-associated nanoparticles that affect neurons and ion channels’ activities. A Scheme of preparation of antibody-conjugated gold nanoparticles (Au@PDA-PEG-Ab) and mechanisms of nanoparticle-mediated NIR-II laser neural stimulation [109]. Copyright 2022, Springer Nature and its reproduced permission granted. B Schematic illustration of PDA-nanoparticles-mediated photothermal stimulation of neurons. PDA nanoparticles (PDA NPs) localized on the neuron modulate the neural activity through photothermal conversion of NIR light [128]. Copyright 2021, Wiley–VCH GmbH and its reproduced permission granted. C Schematic illustration of the preparation of nanoparticle (NPS-F) and the activation of Kv7.4 channel under NIR irradiation. The mechanism of reducing the excitability of ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons is also reported [126]. Copyright 2021, John Wiley and Sons and its reproduced permission granted