Fig. 1
A summary of photobiomodulation approaches for the cognitive improvement. The photobiomodulation approaches for the cognitive improvement can be classified as the direct photobiomodulation, including transcranial or intranasal photobiomodulation, or and the indirect photobiomodulation, in conjunction with photosensitive nanomaterials. Both photobiomodulations modulate approaches are mainly based on the four pathological mechanisms to intervene in the physiological condition of cognitive function, including: mitochondrial function, calcium ion concentration, reactive oxygen species and neural networks. and Intervention consequently improves cognitive impairment related to various neurological diseases related cognitive impairment