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Table 2 Associations of milk type used with risk of all cause mortality and cardiovascular outcomes. Values were numbers (percentages) unless stated otherwise

From: Association of milk consumption with all-cause mortality and cardiovascular outcomes: a UK Biobank based large population cohort study

Outcome

Never

Milk type used, hazard ratios (95% confidence interval)

Full cream

Semi-skimmed

Skimmed

Soya

Other

All cause mortality

 Event, n (%)

1087 (7.24)

2787 (8.87)

17,524 (6.03)

5119 (5.69)

859 (4.81)

478 (8.17)

 Basic modela

1 (Reference)

1.15 (1.07–1.24)

0.79 (0.74–0.84)

0.74 (0.69–0.79)

0.71 (0.65–0.77)

1.16 (1.04–1.29)

 Multivariable modelb

1 (Reference)

1.05 (0.97–1.14)

0.84 (0.79–0.91)

0.82 (0.76–0.88)

0.83 (0.75–0.93)

1.09 (0.96–1.24)

CVD mortality

 Event, n (%)

208 (1.38)

527 (1.68)

3087 (1.06)

887 (0.99)

113 (0.63)

95 (1.62)

 Basic modela

1 (Reference)

1.06 (0.90–1.24)

0.71 (0.61–0.81)

0.69 (0.59–0.80)

0.52 (0.41–0.65)

1.21 (0.95–1.54)

 Multivariable modelb

1 (Reference)

0.93 (0.77–1.12)

0.75 (0.63–0.88)

0.74 (0.62–0.88)

0.67 (0.51–0.86)

0.91 (0.67–1.24)

Myocardial infarction mortality

 Event, n (%)

47 (0.31)

110 (0.35)

672 (0.23)

180 (0.20)

28 (0.16)

12 (0.21)

 Basic modela

1 (Reference)

0.91 (0.65–1.28)

0.67 (0.50–0.90)

0.64 (0.46–0.88)

0.61 (0.38–0.98)

0.68 (0.36–1.28)

 Multivariable modelb

1 (Reference)

0.87 (0.58–1.29)

0.74 (0.52–1.04)

0.70 (0.48–1.01)

0.77 (0.45–1.33)

0.45 (0.19–1.06)

Stroke mortality

 Event, n (%)

41 (0.27)

80 (0.25)

613 (0.21)

210 (0.23)

36 (0.20)

14 (0.24)

 Basic modela

1 (Reference)

0.95 (0.65–1.38)

0.74 (0.54–1.02)

0.77 (0.55–1.08)

0.74 (0.47–1.16)

0.89 (0.49–1.64)

 Multivariable modelb

1 (Reference)

0.76 (0.50–1.17)

0.70 (0.49–1.00)

0.76 (0.52–1.11)

0.80 (0.49–1.32)

0.48 (0.20–1.14)

CVD events

 Event, n (%)

712 (5.49)

1756 (6.55)

12,587 (5.03)

3519 (4.48)

533 (3.45)

279 (5.43)

 Basic modela

1 (Reference)

1.05 (0.96–1.14)

0.85 (0.79–0.92)

0.80 (0.74–0.87)

0.70 (0.62–0.78)

1.02 (0.89–1.17)

 Multivariable modelb

1 (Reference)

0.97 (0.88–1.07)

0.89 (0.81–0.97)

0.87 (0.79–0.96)

0.82 (0.72–0.93)

0.93 (0.79–1.10)

Myocardial infarction

 Event, n (%)

245 (1.89)

664 (2.48)

5390 (2.15)

1478 (1.88)

235 (1.52)

90 (1.75)

 Basic modela

1 (Reference)

1.09 (0.94–1.26)

1.07 (0.94–1.21)

1.03 (0.90–1.18)

0.95 (0.79–1.13)

0.94 (0.74–1.20)

 Multivariable modelb

1 (Reference)

1.01 (0.85–1.19)

1.07 (0.93–1.24)

1.08 (0.93–1.26)

1.04 (0.85–1.28)

0.85 (0.64–1.14)

Stroke

 Event, n (%)

333 (2.57)

713 (2.67)

5208 (2.08)

1516 (1.93)

244 (1.58)

126 (2.46)

 Basic modela

1 (Reference)

0.95 (0.83–1.08)

0.77 (0.69–0.86)

0.72 (0.64–0.82)

0.66 (0.56–0.78)

0.97 (0.79–1.18)

 Multivariable modelb

1 (Reference)

0.91 (0.78–1.06)

0.82 (0.72–0.93)

0.80 (0.70–0.92)

0.76 (0.63–0.92)

0.99 (0.78–1.25)

  1. CVD cardiovascular disease
  2. aBasic model: adjusted for baseline age (years) and sex (male or female)
  3. bMultivariable model: adjusted for baseline age (years) and sex (male or female), Townsend Deprivation Index, ethnic background (white or others), household income (< £18,000, £18,000–£30,999, £31,000–£51,999,£52,000–£100,000, or > £100,000), obesity (yes or no), fruit consumption (< 2.0, 2.0–3.9, or ≥ 4.0 servings/day), vegetable consumption (< 2.0, 2.0–3.9, or ≥ 4.0 servings/day), smoking status (current, never or previous), alcohol intake (< 1, 1–2, 3–4, or > 4 times/ week), tea intake (< 2.0, 2.0–3.9, or ≥ 4.0 servings/day), processed meat intake (< 2, 2–4, 5–6, or > 6 times/week), vitamin use (yes or no), minerals use (yes or no), blood pressure drugs use (yes or no), cholesterol lowering drugs use (yes or no), hypertension (yes or no), diabetes (yes or no), high cholesterol (yes or no) and longstanding illness (yes or no)
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Journal of Translational Medicine

ISSN: 1479-5876

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