Fig. 1

Therapeutic administration of rMSA improved glucose metabolism and insulin secretion in T2DM mice. A Serum albumin/total protein levels of db/db mice (n = 5–7 per group) and WT mice (n = 5 per group). The WT mice and db/db mice were treated with saline or rMSA for 9 weeks. B Fasting blood glucose levels at indicated time points of the WT mice (n = 5 per group) and hyperglycemic db/db mice (n = 6 per group) respectively treated with saline or rMSA for 9 weeks. C Intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) and area under the curves (AUC) in the WT and db/db mice (n = 5–7 per group). The WT mice and db/db mice were treated with saline or rMSA for 6 weeks. D Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and corresponding AUC in the db/db mice (n = 5 per group). The db/db mice were treated with saline or rMSA for 6 weeks. E Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) assay in the db/db mice treated with saline or rMSA for 6 weeks at 0 or 15 min (n = 5 per group). F Fasting blood glucose levels of DIO mice (n = 8–14 per group). The DIO mice were treated with saline or rMSA for 9 weeks. G IPGTT and corresponding AUC in DIO mice (n = 10 per group). The DIO mice were treated with saline or rMSA for 9 weeks. H Insulin tolerance test (ITT) and corresponding AUC in DIO mice (n = 8 per group). The DIO mice were treated with saline or rMSA for 9 weeks. I Oxygen consumption of the DIO mice (n = 4 per group) treated with saline or rMSA for 9 weeks. The region marked in grey represents the nighttime. J CO2 production of DIO mice (n = 4 per group) treated with saline or rMSA for 9 weeks. The region marked in grey represents the nighttime. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA with repeated measures (B–D and G–J) and unpaired t-tests (A and C–H). Data are expressed as mean ± s.e.m. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001