Very low-calorie ketogenic diet (VLCKD): an antihypertensive nutritional approach

Table 1 Anthropometric measurements, inflammatory biomarker, and body composition parameters at baseline and after active phase

Parameters	Women at baseline n = 137	Women after VLCKD n = 137	∆%	* p-value
Weight (kg)	97.74 ± 14.23	90.77 ± 13.45	− 7.12	< 0.001
BMI (kg / m ²)	37.00 ± 4.47	34.37 ± 4.29	− 7.12	< 0.001
Overweight	–	27, 19.7	+ 19.7	χ² = 27.77, p < 0.001
Grade I obesity	51, 37.2	54, 39.4	+ 2.2	χ² = 0.06, p = 0.804
Grade II obesity	50, 36.5	41, 29.9	− 6.6	χ² = 1.05, p = 0.305
Grade III obesity	36, 26.3	15, 10.9	− 15.4	χ² = 9.64, p = 0.002
WC (cm)	108.93 ± 12.89	102.71 ± 12.50	− 5.63	< 0.001
Inflammatory biomarker
hs-CRP levels (mg / L)	3.82 ± 4.19	2.07 ± 2.73	− 38.66	< 0.001
Low risk	25, 18.2	51, 37.2	+ 19.0	χ² = 11.38, p < 0.001
Intermediate risk	44, 32.1	65, 47.4	+ 15.3	χ² = 9.04, p = 0.014
High risk	68, 49.6	21, 15.3	− 34.3	χ² = 35.21, p < 0.001
BIA parameters
PhA (°)	5.43 ± 0.85	5.87 ± 0.87	+ 8.96	< 0.001
TBW (Lt)	40.83 ± 5.05	39.89 ± 5.05	− 2.21	< 0.001
ECW (Lt)	19.93 ± 2.94	18.61 ± 2.75	− 6.43	< 0.001
Na / K ratio	0.94 ± 0.13	0.92 ± 0.12	− 1.68	0.011
FM (kg)	43.49 ± 11.63	37.04 ± 10.50	− 14.73	< 0.001
Blood pressure
SBP (mmHg)	140.88 ± 8.99	122.56 ± 10.08	− 12.89	< 0.001
DBP (mmHg)	88.90 ± 6.71	78.94 ± 6.68	− 10.93	< 0.001

Data are expressed as number and percentage (n, %) or mean ± standard deviation (mean ± SD) * A p value in bold type denotes a significant difference (p < 0.05)
SD standard deviation, VLCKD very low -calorie ketogenic diet, BMI body mass index, WC waist circumference, hs-CRP high - sensitivity C-reactive protein, BIA bioelectrical impedance analysis, PhA phase angle, TBW total body water, ECW Extracellular water, Na sodium, K potassium, FM fat mass, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure

ISSN: 1479-5876