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Table 2 Effects and mechanisms of miRNAs in periodontium remodeling during OTM.

From: Role of noncoding RNAs in orthodontic tooth movement: new insights into periodontium remodeling

miRNA

Model

Level

Target

Effect

Mechanism

Study

miR-20a

MC3T3-E1 cells (fluid shear stress)

↑

BAMBI, SMAD

Promoted osteoblast differentiation

BMP2 pathway

[78]

miR-21

miR-21−/− mice (OTM)

–

PDCD4,

RANKL

Promoted osteoclast differentiation

c-Fos/miR-21/PDCD4 positive feedback loop, RANKL/OPG

[110]

[63]

 

PDLSCs (stretch force), PDLCs, SD rats (OTM)

↑

ACVR2B,

PLAP-1, HIF-1α

Promoted osteoblast differentiation

TGF-β pathway

[118]

[84, 117]

miR-26a

PDLCs (compressive force), SD rats (OTM)

↓

Promoter targeted by Runx1

Inhibited osteoclast differentiation

Runx1/miR-26a/Jagged1 signaling axis

[115]

miR-34a

rBMSCs (stretch force), Wistar rats (OTM)

↑

GSK-3β

Promoted osteoblast differentiation

Wnt/β-catenin pathway

[124]

 

PDLSCs (stretch force)

↓

CELF3

Inhibited osteoblast differentiation

miR-34a/miR146a-CELF3

[120]

miR-34c-5p

PDLFs (aseptic inflammation)

↑

SATB2

Inhibited PDLSC osteogenic differentiation and bone formation

miR-34c-5p/SATB2/ERK

[121]

miR-125a-5p

PDLCs from orthodontic patients

↑

ETV6

Promoted macrophage M2 polarization and osteogenesis

–

[134]

miR-132

PDLCs (fluid shear stress)

↑

–

Promoted proliferation and osteogenic differentiation

PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway

[102]

miR-132-3p

MC3T3-E1 cells (stretch force)

↑

SMAD5

Inhibited osteoblast differentiation

–

[125]

miR-140

PDLFs from orthodontic patients

–

RhoA

Inhibited osteoblast differentiation

RhoA-TAZ axis

[48]

miR-146a-5p

Osteoclasts (compressive force), SD rats (OTM)

↓

ADP

Promoted osteoclastogenesis and angiogenesis

miR-146a-ADP feedback loop

[135]

miR-155-5p

Patients with OIIRR

↓

CXCR2

Inhibited osteoclast differentiation

IL-8/CXCR2 axis

[133]

miR-181b-5p

Osteocyte-like MLO-Y4 cells (stretch force)

↑

PTEN

Promoted PDLSC proliferation and osteogenic differentiation

miR-181b-5p/PTEN/AKT signaling

[104]

miR-195-5p

PDLCs (stretch force), C57BL/6 mice (OTM)

↓

WNT3A, FGF2, BMPR1A

Inhibited osteoblast differentiation

WNT and BMP signaling

[28]

miR-494-3p

MC3T3-E1 cells (compressive force)

↑

FGFR2, ROCK1

Inhibited proliferation

–

[47]

miR-3198

PDLCs (stretch force), (compressive force)

↓

↑

OPG

Regulated osteoclast differentiation

RANKL/OPG

[23]

  1. OIIRR orthodontically induced inflammatory root resorption; OTM orthodontic tooth movement; PDLCs periodontal ligament cells; PDLFs periodontal ligament fibroblasts; PDLSCs periodontal ligament stem cells; rBMSCs bone stromal stem cells of Wistar rats; SD Sprague‑Dawley