Table 1 Force-induced ncRNAs and possible interactions in OTM.

PDLCs

Stretch force, 12% equibiaxial strain, 0.1 Hz, 12 h

↑: lncRNA CYTOR, MIR22HG, SNHG3

PI3K-Akt, mTOR, Hippo, FoxO, and HIF-1 pathways

[31]

PDLCs, ABCs

Stretch force, 12% deformation, 0.1 Hz, 24 h

Compressive force, 2 g/cm², 24 h

↓: miR-29 a, b, c

↑: miR-29 a, b, c

ECM genes

[24]

PDLSCs

Stretch force, 10% equibiaxial strain, 1 Hz, 12 h

↑: miR-1246, -5096, -638, -663, -21, -4492, -4734;

↓: miR-4281, -3178, -3195

MAPK and Wnt signaling pathways

[19]

PDLSCs

Stretch force, 10% equibiaxial strain, 1 Hz, 12 h

↓: lncRNA TCONS_00195572;

↑: TCONS_00103186, TCONS_00114231, TCONS_00015104, TCONS_00046925, TCONS_00022234

MAPK and Wnt signaling pathways

[30]

PDLSCs

Stretch force, 10% equibiaxial strain, 1 Hz, 12 h

↑: circRNA3154, circRNA5034, circRNA3133, circRNA5045;

↓: circRNA1818, circRNA1358

Extracellular vesicular exosome and Wnt signaling pathways

[35]

PDLSCs

Compressive force, 2 g/cm², 12 h

↑: lncRNA FER1L4, HIF1A-AS2, MIAT, NEAT1, ADAMTS9-AS2, LUCAT1;

↓: MIR31HG, DHFRP1

ECM–receptor interaction, focal adhesion, HIF-1, and PI3K-Akt pathways

[32]

MC3T3-E1 cells

Fluid shear stress, 12 dynes/cm², 1 h

↓: miR-20a, -21, -19b, -34a, -34c, -140, -200b;

Osteoblast differentiation

[21]

MC3T3-E1 cells

Stretch force, 2500 µε, 0.5 Hz, 24 h

↑: miR-191, -3070a; ↓: miR-33, -218

Osteoblast differentiation

[99]

OCCM-30

Compressive force, 1.5 g/cm², 8 h

↑: lncRNA Prkcz2, Hklos, Trp53cor1, Gdap 10, Ak312-ps

HIF-1, FoxO, mTOR, Notch, and Rap1 pathways

[148]

C57BL/6 mice

Ni-Ti coil spring, 35 g, 3 d

↓: miR-1297, -424-5p, -145-5p, -224-5, -195-5p;

Bone formation

[25]

Wistar rats

Ni-Ti coil spring, 50 g, 3 d

↑: miR-138-5p, -221-3p, -132-3p;

↓: miR-133a-3p, -133a-5p, -210-3p

Hippo signaling pathway

[147]

PDL tissue from 8 orthodontic patients

Traction interact torsion force,

6 ounces, 4 w

↑: lncRNA DLEU2;

↓: DNAJC3-AS1

Focal adhesion and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways

[33]

GCF from 15 orthodontic patients

Maxillary canine retraction (T0: pretreatment, T1: 1 h, T2: 1 d, T3: 7 d, T4: 6 w)

↑: miR-29a, b, c (T0-T4);

miR-29b: (T0-T1, T0-T3)

Osteoclast activity and periodontal remodeling

[26]

GCF from 20 orthodontic patients

Maxillary canine retraction (T1: 1 h, T2: 1 d, T3: 7 d, T4: 4 w, T5: 12 w)

↓: miR-34a (T2–T4)

MMP-2, -9, and -14

[27]