Fig. 5

Knockdown of VIRMA induces ICC cell cycle arrest and promotes cell apoptosis. a Cell cycle progression was measured using flow cytometry in the RBE and HuCCT1 cells with VIRMA knockdown. b Quantitation of cell cycle analysis. c Cell apoptosis was measured using flow cytometry in both RBE and HuCCT1 cells with VIRMA knockdown. d Quantitation of cell apoptosis analysis. e Representative images of TUNEL staining. The nuclei of TUNEL-positive (apoptotic) cells appeared green, indicating apoptotic cells. Scale bars, 200 μm. (f) Quantification of TUNEL-positive cells. g qRT-PCR analysis of apoptotic marker Bcl-2 mRNA expression in ICC cells with VIRMA knockdown. h Western blot analysis of Bcl-2 protein expression in ICC cells with VIRMA knockdown. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001