Fig. 6

Oral microbiome alterations in SLE with different disease activity. A Rarefaction analysis between the number of samples and the number of OTUs. Rarefaction analysis showed that the number of OUT richness was significantly increased as disease activity increased among the three groups. B A Venn diagram showed that 69 OTUs, 78 OTUs, and 18 OTUs were unique to mild, moderate, and severe disease activity groups, respectively. C At the genus level, Abiotrophia, and Lactobacillales_P5D1-392 were enriched, and Phyllobacterium, and Micrococcaceae_unclassified were decreased as disease activity increasing. D Based on the LDA selection, two and three oral microbial taxa were enriched in mild (n = 68) and severe (n = 14) disease activity groups, respectively (all p < 0.05) *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; OUT operational taxonomic unit, LDA linear discriminant analysis