Fig. 5

D-mannose suppressed osteoclasts proliferation and bone resorption capacity in vivo. Rat bone marrow monocytes (rBMMs) of four groups were extracted. a The CCK-8 proliferation curve of the rBMMs in four groups. b Quantification of TRAP staining results. c The number of osteoclasts were counted in FITC immunofluorescence staining. d Bone pit absorption depth in SEM. e Representative TRAP staining images. Pictures on the second line are representative FITC immunofluorescence staining. The blue ones are the nuclei stained by DAPI and the green ones are the cell membranes stained by FITC. The giant cells with more than three nuclei are osteoclasts. Pictures on the third and fourth line are representative SEM images of bone grinding slice. Bar represents 100 μm and 50 μm, respectively. f Relative expression of osteoclastogenesis-relating genes including rRank, rRankl, rMmp9, rCtk, and rTrap. Data are expressed as mean ± SD