Fig. 4

D-mannose suppressed osteoclasts proliferation and bone resorption capacity in vitro. a RAW264.7 cells were cultured and induced to osteoclast-like cells (OCLs) by Rankl. The CCK-8 proliferation curve of OCLs. b Quantification of TRAP staining results. c The number of osteoclasts were counted in FITC immunofluorescence staining. d Bone pit absorption depth of fresh sterile bovine bone grinding in SEM. e Representative TRAP staining images of OCLs. Pictures on the second line are representative FITC immunofluorescence staining of OCLs. The blue ones are the nuclei stained by DAPI and the green ones are the cell membranes stained by FITC. The giant cells with more than three nuclei are osteoclasts. Pictures on the third and fourth line are representative SEM images of bone grinding slice on which OCLs grow. Bar represents 100 μm and 50 μm, respectively. f Relative expression of osteoclastogenesis-relating genes including mRank, mRankl, mMmp9, mCtk, and mTrap. Data are expressed as mean ± SD