Table 2 Functional movement assessments and outcomes
Assessment | Equipment | Description | Outcome measure(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
Gait [16] Trials: all recorded during 2 min walk test | Instrumented walkway | Participants will complete over-ground gait trials at a self-selected pace during a 2 Min Walk Test [44]. Participants will be instructed to minimize “targeting” and a trial will be recorded each time the participant walks across the walkway | Spatiotemporal parameters, including: • Gait velocity; • Single and double limb support time; • Measures of variability for stride time and length, and step length, time, and width |
Double-leg squat [10] Trials: 3 sets of 3 (9 total) | Markerless motion capture | Participants will stand with their feet shoulder-width apart, feet pointed anteriorly, heels on the floor, and arms extended overhead. Participants will squat in a controlled manner, to a comfortable depth | Trunk and lower extremity kinematics |
Single-leg squat [9] Trials: 3 sets of 3 per limb (18 total) | Markerless motion capture | Participants will stand on the test limb, with the foot pointed anteriorly, heel on the floor, hands on their hips, and head facing anteriorly. The non-weight bearing limb will be flexed to 90˚ of hip and knee flexion. Participants will squat in a controlled manner, to a comfortable depth, and so they can maintain their balance | Trunk and lower extremity kinematics |
Jump-landing [20] Trials: 3 | Markerless motion capture | The participant will stand on a 30 cm tall box, set 3 feet behind a target area. Participants will jump out, not vertically, to reach the target area with both feet leaving the box at the same time; upon landing the participant will immediately jump vertically for maximal height | Trunk and lower extremity kinematics |
Triple hop [24] Trials: 3 per limb (6 total) | Instrumented walkway | Participants will stand with their heel on the edge of the instrumented walkway. Participants will perform three consecutive maximal forward hops on the same limb, “sticking the landing” on the last hop | Average distance covered across trials for each limb and limb symmetry index [33] |
Closed kinetic chain upper extremity stability test [21] Trials: 3 | Stopwatch, athletic tape, tape measure | Participants will assume a push-up position with each hand placed on a mark spaced 36 inches apart with the shoulders aligned over the hands. As quickly as possible, participants will: (1) lift one hand and touch the opposite mark, (2) replace the original hand on the original mark, (3) repeat this process on the opposite hand, and then (4) continue for 15 s | Each trial will be examined 3 ways and averaged across trials: • Number of touches; • Number of touches normalized to participant height; • “Power score”, calculated by multiplying the number of touches by 68% of the participant’s mass then dividing by 15 s |
FMS Shoulder clearing test [4, 5] Trials: 1 per limb | None | Participants will place their hand on the opposite shoulder and point the elbow upward | Participants will be dichotomized as having pain or not; results recorded bilaterally |
Prone plank assessment [45] Trials: 1 | Stopwatch | Participants will lie prone with the elbows and hands parallel to each other and in contact with the ground, so the humeri are aligned beneath the shoulders. Participants will maintain a rigid body position as long as possible so that the entire body weight is supported by the elbows and toes, while the ankles, knees, hips, and spine maintain a neutral alignment | Total time |
Active hip abduction [25] Trials: 1 per limb | None | Participants will lie on their sides with the pelvis and lower extremities in line with the trunk and then abduct the hip, attempting to keep the knee extended and lower limb aligned with the trunk | Trials will be rated on an ordinal scale of 0, 1, 2, or 3. The lower of the two scores will be used for the final overall score |