Fig. 2
From: Targeting macrophages: a novel treatment strategy in solid tumors
Different stimulating factors can polarize macrophages toward different subtypes. IFN-γ, TNF-α, LPS, and GM-CSF can induce macrophages to polarize toward the M1 phenotype, resulting in high expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-12 and low expression of IL-10. IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, TGF-β, and GCs stimulate macrophages to polarize toward M2, resulting in high expression of IL-10 and low expression of IL-12. Different stimulating factors induce different M2 isoforms, causing them to exhibit different functions