The role of the oral microbiome in smoking-related cardiovascular risk: a review of the literature exploring mechanisms and pathways

Table 2 Bacteria of the oral microbiome with similar responses to smoking across multiple sites

Bacteria	Whole mouth	Saliva	Tongue dorsum	Subgingival plaque^a	Buccal	References
Atopobium and Atopobium species	↑	↑	↑	↑		[34, 36, 37, 41, 45, 55, 58]
Bergeyella	↓	↓				[37, 43, 47, 48]
Corynebacterium and Corynebacterium species			↑	↑		[41, 57]
Gemella	↑	↑	↑			[37, 38, 40, 41, 43, 45, 47]
Haemophilus and H. haemolyticus	↓	↓	↓			[34, 37, 41, 43, 45, 47, 55]
Lactobacillus	↑			↑		[50, 58]
Lautropia and Lautropia mirabilis	↓	↓	↓	↓↑^b		[34, 36, 37, 41,42,43, 47, 52, 55, 57, 58]
Megasphaera and Megasphaera micronuciformis	↑	↑	↑			[34, 36, 37, 39, 41, 43, 46, 55]
Mycoplasma and Mycoplasma hyosynoviae	↑	↑	↑			[34, 41, 52]
Neisseria and Neisseria species	↓	↓	↓	↓		[34, 36,37,38, 41, 43, 47, 50, 52, 53, 55, 58]
Oribacterium and Oribacterium species	↑	↓	↓	↑		[39, 41, 42, 46, 48, 52]
Peptococcus		↓	↓			[36, 41]
Porphyromonas and Porphyromonas species	↑	↑	↑			[34, 46, 55]
Prevotella and Prevotella species	↑	↑	↑	↑↓^b	↑	[34, 36,37,38,39,40, 44, 46, 52, 55, 58, 59]
Rothia and Rothia species	↑	↑	↑		↑	[36, 38, 41, 44, 46, 52, 55]
Streptococcus and Streptococcus species	↑↓^b	↑↓^b	↑	↑	↑	[37,38,39,40,41, 43, 44, 46, 49, 51, 55, 58]
Tannerella and Tannerella forsythia		↑	↑			[39, 41, 52]
Treponema and Treponema species	↑	↑	↑	↑		[34, 42, 45, 48, 52, 55, 59]
Veillonella and Veillonella species	↑	↑	↑	↑	↑	[15, 36,37,38, 43, 44, 46, 48, 50, 55, 58]

^aSubgingival and/or supragingival plaque
^bEqual number of studies reporting an increased or decreased relative abundance of bacterial taxa in association with smoking

ISSN: 1479-5876