| Discovery set | Validation set V1 | Validation set V2 | Validation set V3 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | HR (95%CI) | P-value | HR (95%CI) | P-value | HR (95%CI) | P-value | HR (95%CI) | P-value |
Univariable Analysis | ||||||||
 Age | ||||||||
   < 65 years vs. ≥ 65 years | 1.54(0.76–3.11) | 0.2309 | 1.20(0.49–2.93) | 0.6910 | 1.20(0.61–2.37) | 0.5907 | 1.17(0.76–1.83) | 0.4753 |
Sex | ||||||||
 Male vs. Female | 0.62(0.30–1.28) | 0.1962 | 0.95(0.46–1.95) | 0.8944 | 0.40(0.20–0.84) | 0.0149 | 0.69(0.45–1.08) | 0.1041 |
Smoking status | ||||||||
 Never vs. Ever | 1.51(0.72–3.15) | 0.2730 | 0.69(0.32–1.51) | 0.3514 | 2.15(1.11–4.20) | 0.0241 | 1.77(0.77–4.08) | 0.1814 |
Tumor site | ||||||||
 Upper/Middle vs. Lower | 0.83(0.39–1.76) | 0.6205 | 0.99(0.48–2.05) | 0.9865 | 0.70(0.35–1.37) | 0.2940 | 1.30(0.83–2.04) | 0.2474 |
Treatment | ||||||||
 Surg. vs. Surg. + Chemo | 4.46 (2.16–9.24) |  < 0.0001 | 1.78(0.85–3.75) | 0.1268 | 1.47(0.76–2.87) | 0.2539 | 1.92(1.19–3.08) | 0.0074 |
Differentiation | ||||||||
 G1/G2 vs. G3/G4 | 7.00(3.40–14.40) |  < 0.0001 | 1.60(0.74–3.46) | 0.2296 | 3.07(1.58–5.97) | 0.0010 | NA |  |
TNM stage | ||||||||
 II vs. I | 4.93(1.90–12.81) | 0.0011 | 2.67(0.97–7.35) | 0.0572 | 1.20(0.53–2.72) | 0.6669 | 2.88(1.75–4.72) |  < 0.0001 |
 III vs. I | 9.82(4.33–22.28) |  < 0.0001 | 4.55(2.02–10.26) | 0.0003 | 2.51(1.16–5.47) | 0.0201 | 3.54(1.95–6.41) |  < 0.0001 |
MPIS | ||||||||
 Low vs. High | 9.90(3.44–28.49) |  < 0.0001 | 2.36(1.08–5.16) | 0.0312 | 3.47(1.60–7.52) | 0.0016 | 2.57(1.59–4.17) | 0.0001 |
Multivariable analysis | ||||||||
 Differentiation | ||||||||
  G1/G2 vs. G3/G4 | 2.47(1.12–5.49) | 0.0259 |  |  | 3.49(1.72–7.06) | 0.0005 | NA |  |
TNM stage | ||||||||
 II vs. I | 2.72(0.99–7.44) | 0.0521 | 2.60(0.87–7.78) | 0.0871 | 1.25(0.54–2.87) | 0.6031 | 2.20 (1.30–3.74) | 0.0035 |
 III vs. I | 3.12(1.23–7.92) | 0.0166 | 5.30(2.22–12.66) | 0.0002 | 3.24(1.45–7.28) | 0.0043 | 3.08 (1.68–5.64) | 0.0003 |
MPIS | ||||||||
 Low vs. High | 5.32(1.72–16.44) | 0.0037 | 2.63(1.10–6.29) | 0.0292 | 2.99(1.34–6.66) | 0.0075 | 1.93 (1.15–3.23) | 0.0125 |